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<h2 id="控制测试如何运行"><a class="header" href="#控制测试如何运行">控制测试如何运行</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch11-02-running-tests.md">ch11-02-running-tests.md</a>
<br>
commit 34314c10f699cc882d4e0b06f2a24bd37a5435f2</p>
</blockquote>
<p>就像 <code>cargo run</code> 会编译代码并运行生成的二进制文件一样，<code>cargo test</code> 在测试模式下编译代码并运行生成的测试二进制文件。<code>cargo test</code> 产生的二进制文件的默认行为是并发运行所有的测试，并截获测试运行过程中产生的输出，阻止它们被显示出来，使得阅读测试结果相关的内容变得更容易。不过可以指定命令行参数来改变 <code>cargo test</code> 的默认行为。</p>
<p>可以将一部分命令行参数传递给 <code>cargo test</code>，而将另外一部分传递给生成的测试二进制文件。为了分隔这两种参数，需要先列出传递给 <code>cargo test</code> 的参数，接着是分隔符 <code>--</code>，再之后是传递给测试二进制文件的参数。运行 <code>cargo test --help</code> 会提示 <code>cargo test</code> 的有关参数，而运行 <code>cargo test -- --help</code> 可以提示在分隔符之后使用的有关参数。</p>
<h3 id="并行或连续的运行测试"><a class="header" href="#并行或连续的运行测试">并行或连续的运行测试</a></h3>
<p>当运行多个测试时，Rust 默认使用线程来并行运行。这意味着测试会更快地运行完毕，所以你可以更快的得到代码能否工作的反馈。因为测试是在同时运行的，你应该确保测试不能相互依赖，或依赖任何共享的状态，包括依赖共享的环境，比如当前工作目录或者环境变量。</p>
<p>举个例子，每一个测试都运行一些代码，假设这些代码都在硬盘上创建一个 <em>test-output.txt</em> 文件并写入一些数据。接着每一个测试都读取文件中的数据并断言这个文件包含特定的值，而这个值在每个测试中都是不同的。因为所有测试都是同时运行的，一个测试可能会在另一个测试读写文件过程中修改了文件。那么第二个测试就会失败，并不是因为代码不正确，而是因为测试并行运行时相互干扰。一个解决方案是使每一个测试读写不同的文件；另一个解决方案是一次运行一个测试。</p>
<p>如果你不希望测试并行运行，或者想要更加精确的控制线程的数量，可以传递 <code>--test-threads</code> 参数和希望使用线程的数量给测试二进制文件。例如：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test -- --test-threads=1
</code></pre>
<p>这里将测试线程设置为 <code>1</code>，告诉程序不要使用任何并行机制。这也会比并行运行花费更多时间，不过在有共享的状态时，测试就不会潜在的相互干扰了。</p>
<h3 id="显示函数输出"><a class="header" href="#显示函数输出">显示函数输出</a></h3>
<p>默认情况下，当测试通过时，Rust 的测试库会截获打印到标准输出的所有内容。比如在测试中调用了 <code>println!</code> 而测试通过了，我们将不会在终端看到 <code>println!</code> 的输出：只会看到说明测试通过的提示行。如果测试失败了，则会看到所有标准输出和其他错误信息。</p>
<p>例如，示例 11-10 有一个无意义的函数，它打印出其参数的值并接着返回 10。接着还有一个会通过的测试和一个会失败的测试：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/lib.rs</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust panics noplayground">fn prints_and_returns_10(a: i32) -&gt; i32 {
println!("I got the value {a}");
10
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn this_test_will_pass() {
let value = prints_and_returns_10(4);
assert_eq!(value, 10);
}
#[test]
fn this_test_will_fail() {
let value = prints_and_returns_10(8);
assert_eq!(value, 5);
}
}</code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 11-10：一个调用了 <code>println!</code> 的函数的测试</span></p>
<p>运行 <code>cargo test</code> 将会看到这些测试的输出：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test
Compiling silly-function v0.1.0 (file:///projects/silly-function)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.58s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/silly_function-160869f38cff9166)
running 2 tests
test tests::this_test_will_fail ... FAILED
test tests::this_test_will_pass ... ok
failures:
---- tests::this_test_will_fail stdout ----
I got the value 8
thread 'tests::this_test_will_fail' panicked at src/lib.rs:19:9:
assertion `left == right` failed
left: 10
right: 5
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
failures:
tests::this_test_will_fail
test result: FAILED. 1 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
error: test failed, to rerun pass `--lib`
</code></pre>
<p>注意输出中不会出现测试通过时打印的内容，即 <code>I got the value 4</code>。因为当测试通过时，这些输出会被截获。失败测试的输出 <code>I got the value 8</code> ，则出现在输出的测试摘要部分，同时也显示了测试失败的原因。</p>
<p>如果你希望也能看到通过的测试中打印的值，也可以在结尾加上 <code>--show-output</code> 告诉 Rust 显示成功测试的输出。</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test -- --show-output
</code></pre>
<p>使用 <code>--show-output</code> 参数再次运行示例 11-10 中的测试会显示如下输出：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test -- --show-output
Compiling silly-function v0.1.0 (file:///projects/silly-function)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.60s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/silly_function-160869f38cff9166)
running 2 tests
test tests::this_test_will_fail ... FAILED
test tests::this_test_will_pass ... ok
successes:
---- tests::this_test_will_pass stdout ----
I got the value 4
successes:
tests::this_test_will_pass
failures:
---- tests::this_test_will_fail stdout ----
I got the value 8
thread 'tests::this_test_will_fail' panicked at src/lib.rs:19:9:
assertion `left == right` failed
left: 10
right: 5
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
failures:
tests::this_test_will_fail
test result: FAILED. 1 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
error: test failed, to rerun pass `--lib`
</code></pre>
<h3 id="通过指定名字来运行部分测试"><a class="header" href="#通过指定名字来运行部分测试">通过指定名字来运行部分测试</a></h3>
<p>有时运行整个测试集会耗费很长时间。如果你负责特定位置的代码，你可能会希望只运行与这些代码相关的测试。你可以向 <code>cargo test</code> 传递所希望运行的测试名称的参数来选择运行哪些测试。</p>
<p>为了展示如何运行部分测试，示例 11-11 为 <code>add_two</code> 函数创建了三个测试，我们可以选择具体运行哪一个：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/lib.rs</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplayground">pub fn add_two(a: usize) -&gt; usize {
a + 2
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn add_two_and_two() {
let result = add_two(2);
assert_eq!(result, 4);
}
#[test]
fn add_three_and_two() {
let result = add_two(3);
assert_eq!(result, 5);
}
#[test]
fn one_hundred() {
let result = add_two(100);
assert_eq!(result, 102);
}
}</code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 11-11：不同名称的三个测试</span></p>
<p>如果没有传递任何参数就运行测试，如你所见，所有测试都会并行运行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.62s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-92948b65e88960b4)
running 3 tests
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test tests::one_hundred ... ok
test result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<h4 id="运行单个测试"><a class="header" href="#运行单个测试">运行单个测试</a></h4>
<p>可以向 <code>cargo test</code> 传递任意测试的名称来只运行这个测试：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test one_hundred
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.69s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-92948b65e88960b4)
running 1 test
test tests::one_hundred ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 2 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>只有名称为 <code>one_hundred</code> 的测试被运行了；因为其余两个测试并不匹配这个名称。测试输出在摘要行的结尾显示了 <code>2 filtered out</code> 表明还存在比本次所运行的测试更多的测试没有被运行。</p>
<p>不能像这样指定多个测试名称；只有传递给 <code>cargo test</code> 的第一个值才会被使用。不过有运行多个测试的方法。</p>
<h4 id="过滤运行多个测试"><a class="header" href="#过滤运行多个测试">过滤运行多个测试</a></h4>
<p>我们可以指定部分测试的名称，任何名称匹配这个名称的测试会被运行。例如，因为头两个测试的名称包含 <code>add</code>，可以通过 <code>cargo test add</code> 来运行这两个测试：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test add
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.61s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-92948b65e88960b4)
running 2 tests
test tests::add_three_and_two ... ok
test tests::add_two_and_two ... ok
test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>这运行了所有名字中带有 <code>add</code> 的测试，也过滤掉了名为 <code>one_hundred</code> 的测试。同时注意测试所在的模块也是测试名称的一部分，所以可以通过模块名来运行一个模块中的所有测试。</p>
<h3 id="除非特别指定否则忽略某些测试"><a class="header" href="#除非特别指定否则忽略某些测试">除非特别指定否则忽略某些测试</a></h3>
<p>有时一些特定的测试执行起来是非常耗费时间的，所以在大多数运行 <code>cargo test</code> 的时候希望能排除它们。虽然可以通过参数列举出所有希望运行的测试来做到，也可以使用 <code>ignore</code> 属性来标记耗时的测试并排除它们，如下所示：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/lib.rs</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplayground">pub fn add(left: usize, right: usize) -&gt; usize {
left + right
}
// ANCHOR: here
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
let result = add(2, 2);
assert_eq!(result, 4);
}
#[test]
#[ignore]
fn expensive_test() {
// 需要运行一个小时的代码
}
}
// ANCHOR_END: here</code></pre>
<p>对于想要排除的测试，我们在 <code>#[test]</code> 之后增加了 <code>#[ignore]</code> 行。现在如果运行测试，就会发现 <code>it_works</code> 运行了，而 <code>expensive_test</code> 没有运行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.60s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-92948b65e88960b4)
running 2 tests
test tests::expensive_test ... ignored
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 1 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p><code>expensive_test</code> 被列为 <code>ignored</code>，如果我们只希望运行被忽略的测试，可以使用 <code>cargo test -- --ignored</code>：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test -- --ignored
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/adder)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.61s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-92948b65e88960b4)
running 1 test
test expensive_test ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 1 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>通过控制运行哪些测试，你可以确保能够快速地运行 <code>cargo test</code> 。当你需要运行 <code>ignored</code> 的测试时，可以执行 <code>cargo test -- --ignored</code>。如果你希望不管是否忽略都要运行全部测试，可以运行 <code>cargo test -- --include-ignored</code>。</p>
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