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490 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
490 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
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## Graceful Shutdown 与清理
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> [ch20-06-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md](https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/second-edition/src/ch20-06-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md)
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> <br>
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> commit 2e269ff82193fd65df8a87c06561d74b51ac02f7
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列表 20-21 中的代码如期通过使用线程池异步的响应请求。这里有一些警告说存在一些字段并没有直接被使用,这提醒了我们并没有清理任何内容。当使用 <span class="keystroke">ctrl-C</span> 终止主线程,所有其他线程也会立刻停止,即便他们正在处理一个请求。
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现在我们要为 `ThreadPool` 实现 `Drop` trait 对线程池中的每一个线程调用 `join`,这样这些线程将会执行完他们的请求。接着会为 `ThreadPool` 实现一个方法来告诉线程他们应该停止接收新请求并结束。为了实践这些代码,修改 server 在 graceful Shutdown 之前只接受两个请求。
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现在开始为线程池实现 `Drop`。当线程池被丢弃时,应该 join 所有线程以确保他们完成其操作。列表 20-22 展示了 `Drop` 实现的第一次尝试;这些代码还不能够编译:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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impl Drop for ThreadPool {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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for worker in &mut self.workers {
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println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
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worker.thread.join().unwrap();
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}
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}
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}
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```
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<span class="caption">列表 20-22:当线程池离开作用域时 join 每个线程</span>
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这里遍历线程池中的每个 `workers`,这里使用了 `&mut` 因为 `self` 本身是一个可变引用而且也需要能够修改 `worker`。当特定 worker 关闭时会打印出说明信息,接着在对应 worker 上调用 `join`。如果 `join` 失败了,通过 `unwrap` 将错误变为 panic 从而无法进行 graceful Shutdown。
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如下是尝试编译代码时得到的错误:
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```
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error[E0507]: cannot move out of borrowed content
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--> src/lib.rs:65:13
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65 | worker.thread.join().unwrap();
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| ^^^^^^ cannot move out of borrowed content
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```
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因为我们只有每个 `worker` 的可变借用,并不能调用 `join`:`join` 获取其参数的所有权。为了解决这个问题,需要一个方法将 `thread` 移动出拥有其所有权的 `Worker` 实例以便 `join` 可以消费这个线程。列表 17-15 中我们曾见过这么做的方法:如果 `Worker` 存放的是 `Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>`,就可以在 `Option` 上调用 `take` 方法将值从 `Some` 成员中移动出来而对 `None` 成员不做处理。换句话说,正在运行的 `Worker` 的 `thread` 将是 `Some` 成员值,而当需要清理 worker 时,将 `Some` 替换为 `None`,这样 worker 就没有可以运行的线程了。
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所以我们知道了需要更新 `Worker` 的定义为如下:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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# use std::thread;
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struct Worker {
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id: usize,
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thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
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}
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```
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现在依靠编译器来找出其他需要修改的地方。我们会得到两个错误:
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```
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error: no method named `join` found for type
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`std::option::Option<std::thread::JoinHandle<()>>` in the current scope
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--> src/lib.rs:65:27
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65 | worker.thread.join().unwrap();
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| ^^^^
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error[E0308]: mismatched types
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--> src/lib.rs:89:21
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89 | thread,
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| ^^^^^^ expected enum `std::option::Option`, found
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struct `std::thread::JoinHandle`
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= note: expected type `std::option::Option<std::thread::JoinHandle<()>>`
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found type `std::thread::JoinHandle<_>`
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```
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第二个错误指向 `Worker::new` 结尾的代码;当新建 `Worker` 时需要将 `thread` 值封装进 `Some`:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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impl Worker {
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fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
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// ...snip...
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Worker {
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id,
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thread: Some(thread),
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}
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}
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}
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```
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第一个错误有关 `Drop` 实现,而且我们提到过要调用 `Option` 上的 `take` 将 `thread` 移动出 `worker`。如下是代码:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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impl Drop for ThreadPool {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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for worker in &mut self.workers {
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println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
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if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
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thread.join().unwrap();
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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如第十七章我们见过的,`Option` 上的 `take` 方法会取出 `Some` 而留下 `None`。使用 `if let` 解构 `Some` 并得到线程,接着在线程上调用 `join`。如果 worker 的线程已然是 `None`,就知道此时这个 worker 已经清理了其线程且无需做任何操作。
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有了这些修改,代码就能编译且没有任何警告。不过也有坏消息,这些代码还不能以我们期望的方式运行。问题的关键在于 `Worker` 中分配的线程所运行的闭包中的逻辑:调用 `join` 并不会关闭线程,因为他们一直 `loop` 来寻找任务。如果采用这个实现来尝试丢弃 `ThreadPool` ,则主线程会永远阻塞在等待第一个线程结束上。
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为了修复这个问题,修改线程既监听是否有 `Job` 运行也要监听应该停止监听并退出无限循环的信号。所以通道将发送这个枚举的两个成员之一而不再直接使用 `Job` 实例:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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# struct Job;
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enum Message {
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NewJob(Job),
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Terminate,
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}
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```
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`Message` 枚举要么是存放了线程需要运行的 `Job` 的 `NewJob` 成员,要么是会导致线程退出循环并终止的 `Terminate` 成员。
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同时需要修改通道来使用 `Message` 类型值而不是 `Job`,如列表 20-23 所示:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust
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pub struct ThreadPool {
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workers: Vec<Worker>,
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sender: mpsc::Sender<Message>,
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}
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// ...snip...
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impl ThreadPool {
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// ...snip...
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pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
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assert!(size > 0);
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let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
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// ...snip...
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}
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pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
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where
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F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static
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{
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let job = Box::new(f);
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self.sender.send(Message::NewJob(job)).unwrap();
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}
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}
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// ...snip...
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impl Worker {
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fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Message>>>) ->
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Worker {
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let thread = thread::spawn(move ||{
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loop {
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let message = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
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match message {
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Message::NewJob(job) => {
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println!("Worker {} got a job; executing.", id);
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job.call_box();
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},
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Message::Terminate => {
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println!("Worker {} was told to terminate.", id);
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break;
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},
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}
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}
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});
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Worker {
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id,
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thread: Some(thread),
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}
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}
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}
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```
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<span class="caption">列表 20-23:收发 `Message` 值并在 `Worker` 收到 `Message::Terminate` 时退出循环</span>
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需要将 `ThreadPool` 定义、创建通道的 `ThreadPool::new` 和 `Worker::new` 签名中的 `Job` 改为 `Message`。`ThreadPool` 的 `execute` 方法需要发送封装进 `Message::NewJob` 成员的任务,当获取到 `NewJob` 时会处理任务而收到 `Terminate` 成员时则会退出循环。
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通过这些修改,代码再次能够编译并按照期望的行为运行。不过还是会得到一个警告,因为并没有在任何消息中使用 `Terminate` 成员。如列表 20-14 所示那样修改 `Drop` 实现:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/lib.rs</span>
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```rust,ignore
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impl Drop for ThreadPool {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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println!("Sending terminate message to all workers.");
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for _ in &mut self.workers {
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self.sender.send(Message::Terminate).unwrap();
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}
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println!("Shutting down all workers.");
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for worker in &mut self.workers {
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println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
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if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
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thread.join().unwrap();
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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<span class="caption">列表 20-24:在对每个 worker 线程调用 `join` 之前向 worker 发送 `Message::Terminate`</span>
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现在遍历了 worker 两次,一次向每个 worker 发送一个 `Terminate` 消息,一个调用每个 worker 线程上的 `join`。如果尝试在同一循环中发送消息并立即 join 线程,则无法保证当前迭代的 worker 是从通道收到终止消息的 worker。
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为了更好的理解为什么需要两个分开的循环,想象一下只有两个 worker 的场景。如果在一个循环中遍历每个 worker,在第一次迭代中 `worker` 是第一个 worker,我们向通道发出终止消息并对第一个 worker 线程调用 `join`。如果第一个 worker 当时正忙于处理请求,则第二个 worker 会从通道接收这个终止消息并结束。而我们在等待第一个 worker 结束,不过它永远也不会结束因为第二个线程取走了终止消息。现在我们就阻塞在了等待第一个 worker 结束,而无法发出第二条终止消息。死锁!
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为了避免此情况,首先从通道中取出所有的 `Terminate` 消息,接着 join 所有的线程。因为每个 worker 一旦收到终止消息即会停止从通道接收消息,我们就可以确保如果发送同 worker 数相同的终止消息,在 join 之前每个线程都会收到一个终止消息。
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为了实践这些代码,如列表 20-25 所示修改 `main` 在 graceful Shutdown server 之前只接受两个请求:
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<span class="filename">文件名: src/bin/main.rs</span>
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```rust,ignore
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fn main() {
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let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").unwrap();
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let pool = ThreadPool::new(4);
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let mut counter = 0;
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for stream in listener.incoming() {
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if counter == 2 {
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println!("Shutting down.");
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break;
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}
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counter += 1;
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let stream = stream.unwrap();
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pool.execute(|| {
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handle_connection(stream);
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});
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}
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}
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```
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<span class="caption">列表 20-25:在处理两个请求之后通过退出循环来停止 server</span>
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只处理两次请求并不是生产环境的 web server 所期望的行为,不过这可以让我们看清 graceful shutdown 和清理起作用了,因为不用再通过 <span class="keystroke">ctrl-C</span> 停止 server 了。
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这里还增加了一个 `counter` 变量在每次收到 TCP 流时递增。如果计数到达 2,会停止处理请求并退出 `for` 循环。`ThreadPool` 会在 `main` 的结尾离开作用域,而且还会看到 `drop` 实现的运行。
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使用 `cargo run` 启动 server,并发起三个请求。第三个请求应该会失败,而终端的输出应该看起来像这样:
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```
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$ cargo run
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Compiling hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
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Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.0 secs
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Running `target/debug/hello`
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Worker 0 got a job; executing.
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Worker 3 got a job; executing.
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Shutting down.
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Sending terminate message to all workers.
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Shutting down all workers.
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Shutting down worker 0
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Worker 1 was told to terminate.
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Worker 2 was told to terminate.
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Worker 0 was told to terminate.
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Worker 3 was told to terminate.
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Shutting down worker 1
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Shutting down worker 2
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Shutting down worker 3
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```
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当然,你可能会看到不同顺序的输出。可以从信息中看到服务是如何运行的: worker 0 和 worker 3 获取了头两个请求,接着在第三个请求时,我们停止接收连接。当 `ThreadPool` 在 `main` 的结尾离开作用域时,其 `Drop` 实现开始工作,线程池通知所有线程终止。每个 worker 在收到终止消息时会打印出一个信息,接着线程池调用 `join` 来终止每一个 worker 线程。
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这个特定的运行过程中一个有趣的地方在于:注意我们向通道中发出终止消息,而在任何线程收到消息之前,就尝试 join worker 0 了。worker 0 还没有收到终止消息,所以主线程阻塞直到 worker 0 结束。与此同时,每一个线程都收到了终止消息。一旦 worker 0 结束,主线程就等待其他 worker 结束,此时他们都已经收到终止消息并能够停止了。
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恭喜!现在我们完成了这个项目,也有了一个使用线程池异步响应请求的基础 web server。我们能对 server 执行 graceful shutdown,它会清理线程池中的所有线程。如下是完整的代码参考:
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<span class="filename">Filename: src/bin/main.rs</span>
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```rust
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extern crate hello;
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use hello::ThreadPool;
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use std::io::prelude::*;
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use std::net::TcpListener;
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use std::net::TcpStream;
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use std::fs::File;
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use std::thread;
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use std::time::Duration;
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fn main() {
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let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").unwrap();
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let pool = ThreadPool::new(4);
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let mut counter = 0;
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for stream in listener.incoming() {
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if counter == 2 {
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println!("Shutting down.");
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break;
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}
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counter += 1;
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let stream = stream.unwrap();
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|||
|
pool.execute(|| {
|
|||
|
handle_connection(stream);
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
|
|||
|
let mut buffer = [0; 512];
|
|||
|
stream.read(&mut buffer).unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let get = b"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n";
|
|||
|
let sleep = b"GET /sleep HTTP/1.1\r\n";
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let (status_line, filename) = if buffer.starts_with(get) {
|
|||
|
("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n", "hello.html")
|
|||
|
} else if buffer.starts_with(sleep) {
|
|||
|
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
|
|||
|
("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n", "hello.html")
|
|||
|
} else {
|
|||
|
("HTTP/1.1 404 NOT FOUND\r\n\r\n", "404.html")
|
|||
|
};
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let mut file = File::open(filename).unwrap();
|
|||
|
let mut contents = String::new();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
file.read_to_string(&mut contents).unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let response = format!("{}{}", status_line, contents);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
stream.write(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
|
|||
|
stream.flush().unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```rust
|
|||
|
use std::thread;
|
|||
|
use std::sync::mpsc;
|
|||
|
use std::sync::Arc;
|
|||
|
use std::sync::Mutex;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
enum Message {
|
|||
|
NewJob(Job),
|
|||
|
Terminate,
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
pub struct ThreadPool {
|
|||
|
workers: Vec<Worker>,
|
|||
|
sender: mpsc::Sender<Message>,
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
trait FnBox {
|
|||
|
fn call_box(self: Box<Self>);
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
impl<F: FnOnce()> FnBox for F {
|
|||
|
fn call_box(self: Box<F>) {
|
|||
|
(*self)()
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
type Job = Box<FnBox + Send + 'static>;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
impl ThreadPool {
|
|||
|
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
|
|||
|
///
|
|||
|
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
|
|||
|
///
|
|||
|
/// # Panics
|
|||
|
///
|
|||
|
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
|
|||
|
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
|
|||
|
assert!(size > 0);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for id in 0..size {
|
|||
|
workers.push(Worker::new(id, receiver.clone()));
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
ThreadPool {
|
|||
|
workers,
|
|||
|
sender,
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
|
|||
|
where
|
|||
|
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static
|
|||
|
{
|
|||
|
let job = Box::new(f);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
self.sender.send(Message::NewJob(job)).unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
|
|||
|
fn drop(&mut self) {
|
|||
|
println!("Sending terminate message to all workers.");
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for _ in &mut self.workers {
|
|||
|
self.sender.send(Message::Terminate).unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
println!("Shutting down all workers.");
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for worker in &mut self.workers {
|
|||
|
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
|
|||
|
thread.join().unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
struct Worker {
|
|||
|
id: usize,
|
|||
|
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
impl Worker {
|
|||
|
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Message>>>) ->
|
|||
|
Worker {
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
let thread = thread::spawn(move ||{
|
|||
|
loop {
|
|||
|
let message = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
match message {
|
|||
|
Message::NewJob(job) => {
|
|||
|
println!("Worker {} got a job; executing.", id);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
job.call_box();
|
|||
|
},
|
|||
|
Message::Terminate => {
|
|||
|
println!("Worker {} was told to terminate.", id);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
break;
|
|||
|
},
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Worker {
|
|||
|
id,
|
|||
|
thread: Some(thread),
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
这里还有很多可以做的事!如果你希望继续增强这个项目,如下是一些点子:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 为 `ThreadPool` 和其公有方法增加更多文档
|
|||
|
- 为库的功能增加测试
|
|||
|
- 将 `unwrap` 调用改为更健壮的错误处理
|
|||
|
- 使用 `ThreadPool` 进行其他不同于处理网络请求的任务
|
|||
|
- 在 crates.io 寻找一个线程池 crate 并使用它实现一个类似的 web server,将其 API 和鲁棒性与我们的实现做对比
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 总结
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
好极了!你结束了本书的学习!由衷感谢你与我们一道加入这次 Rust 之旅。现在你已经准备好出发并实现自己的 Rust 项目或帮助他人了。请不要忘记我们的社区,这里有其他 Rustaceans 正乐于帮助你迎接 Rust 之路上的任何挑战。
|