2017-02-20 10:24:47 +08:00
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<title>使用`use`导入命名 - Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</title>
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2017-02-20 10:24:47 +08:00
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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2017-02-20 10:24:47 +08:00
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2017-05-31 23:48:57 +08:00
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<ul class="chapter"><li><a href="ch01-00-introduction.html"><strong>1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong>1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong>1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong>2.</strong> 猜猜看教程</a></li><li><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong>3.</strong> 通用编程概念</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong>3.1.</strong> 变量和可变性</a></li><li><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong>3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong>3.3.</strong> 函数如何工作</a></li><li><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong>3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong>3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong>4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong>4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权</a></li><li><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong>4.2.</strong> 引用 & 借用</a></li><li><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong>4.3.</strong> Slices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong>5.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch05-01-method-syntax.html"><strong>5.1.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong>6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong>6.1.</strong> 定义枚举</a></li><li><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong>6.2.</strong> <code>match</code>控制流运算符</a></li><li><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong>6.3.</strong> <code>if let</code>简单控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch07-00-modules.html"><strong>7.</strong> 模块</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch07-01-mod-and-the-filesystem.html"><strong>7.1.</strong> <code>mod</code>和文件系统</a></li><li><a href="ch07-02-controlling-visibility-with-pub.html"><strong>7.2.</strong> 使用<code>pub</code>控制可见性</a></li><li><a href="ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.html" class="active"><strong>7.3.</strong> 使用<code>use</code>导入命名</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong>8.</strong> 通用集合类型</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong>8.1.</strong> vector</a></li><li><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong>8.2.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong>8.3.</strong> 哈希 map</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong>9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong>9.1.</strong> <code>panic!</code>与不可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong>9.2.</strong> <code>Result</code>与可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong>9.3.</strong> <code>panic!</code>还是不<code>panic!</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong>10.</strong> 泛型、trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong>10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong>10.2.</strong> trait：定义共享的行为</a></li><li><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong>10.3.</strong> 生命周期与引用有效性</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong>11.</strong> 测试</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong>11.1.</strong> 编写测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong>11.2.</strong> 运行测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong>11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch12-00-
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2017-02-20 10:24:47 +08:00
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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2017-02-20 10:24:47 +08:00
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<a class="header" href="#导入命名" name="导入命名"><h2>导入命名</h2></a>
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2017-02-21 16:02:19 +08:00
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<blockquote>
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2017-03-23 22:37:22 +08:00
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/second-edition/src/ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.md">ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.md</a>
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2017-02-21 16:02:19 +08:00
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<br>
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2017-03-23 22:37:22 +08:00
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commit 3f2a1bd8dbb19cc48b210fc4fb35c305c8d81b56</p>
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2017-02-21 16:02:19 +08:00
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</blockquote>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<p>我们已经讲到了如何使用模块名称作为调用的一部分，来调用模块中的函数，如列表 7-6 中所示的<code>nested_modules</code>函数调用。</p>
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2017-03-23 22:37:22 +08:00
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<p><span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span></p>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<pre><code class="language-rust">pub mod a {
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pub mod series {
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pub mod of {
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pub fn nested_modules() {}
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}
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}
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}
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fn main() {
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a::series::of::nested_modules();
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}
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</code></pre>
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2017-03-23 22:37:22 +08:00
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<p><span class="caption">Listing 7-6: Calling a function by fully specifying its
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enclosing module’s namespaces</span></p>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<p>如你所见，指定函数的完全限定名称可能会非常冗长。所幸 Rust 有一个关键字使得这些调用显得更简洁。</p>
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<a class="header" href="#使用use的简单导入" name="使用use的简单导入"><h3>使用<code>use</code>的简单导入</h3></a>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<p>Rust 的<code>use</code>关键字的工作是缩短冗长的函数调用，通过将想要调用的函数所在的模块引入到作用域中。这是一个将<code>a::series::of</code>模块导入一个二进制 crate 的根作用域的例子：</p>
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<p><span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust">pub mod a {
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pub mod series {
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pub mod of {
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pub fn nested_modules() {}
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}
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}
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}
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use a::series::of;
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fn main() {
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of::nested_modules();
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><code>use a::series::of;</code>这一行的意思是每当想要引用<code>of</code>模块时，不用使用完整的<code>a::series::of</code>路径，可以直接使用<code>of</code>。</p>
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<p><code>use</code>关键字只将指定的模块引入作用域；它并不会将其子模块也引入。这就是为什么想要调用<code>nested_modules</code>函数时仍然必须写成<code>of::nested_modules</code>。</p>
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<p>也可以将函数本身引入到作用域中，通过如下在<code>use</code>中指定函数的方式：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust">pub mod a {
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pub mod series {
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pub mod of {
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pub fn nested_modules() {}
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}
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}
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}
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use a::series::of::nested_modules;
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fn main() {
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nested_modules();
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>这使得我们可以忽略所有的模块并直接引用函数。</p>
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<p>因为枚举也像模块一样组成了某种命名空间，也可以使用<code>use</code>来导入枚举的成员。对于任何类型的<code>use</code>语句，如果从一个命名空间导入多个项，可以使用大括号和逗号来列举他们，像这样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust">enum TrafficLight {
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Red,
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Yellow,
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Green,
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}
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use TrafficLight::{Red, Yellow};
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fn main() {
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let red = Red;
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let yellow = Yellow;
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let green = TrafficLight::Green; // because we didn’t `use` TrafficLight::Green
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}
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</code></pre>
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<a class="header" href="#使用的全局引用导入" name="使用的全局引用导入"><h3>使用<code>*</code>的全局引用导入</h3></a>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<p>为了一次导入某个命名空间的所有项，可以使用<code>*</code>语法。例如：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust">enum TrafficLight {
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Red,
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Yellow,
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Green,
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}
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use TrafficLight::*;
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fn main() {
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let red = Red;
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let yellow = Yellow;
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let green = Green;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><code>*</code>被称为<strong>全局导入</strong>（<em>glob</em>），它会导入命名空间中所有可见的项。全局导入应该保守的使用：他们是方便的，但是也可能会引入多于你预期的内容从而导致命名冲突。</p>
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<a class="header" href="#使用super访问父模块" name="使用super访问父模块"><h3>使用<code>super</code>访问父模块</h3></a>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<p>正如我们已经知道的，当创建一个库 crate 时，Cargo 会生成一个<code>tests</code>模块。现在让我们来深入了解一下。在<code>communicator</code>项目中，打开 <em>src/lib.rs</em>。</p>
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<p><span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust,ignore">pub mod client;
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pub mod network;
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod tests {
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#[test]
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fn it_works() {
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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2017-03-23 22:37:22 +08:00
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<p>第十一章会更详细的解释测试，不过其部分内容现在应该可以理解了：有一个叫做<code>tests</code>的模块紧邻其他模块，同时包含一个叫做<code>it_works</code>的函数。即便存在一些特殊注解，<code>tests</code>也不过是另外一个模块！所以我们的模块层次结构看起来像这样：</p>
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2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
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<pre><code>communicator
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├── client
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├── network
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| └── client
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└── tests
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</code></pre>
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<p>测试是为了检验库中的代码而存在的，所以让我们尝试在<code>it_works</code>函数中调用<code>client::connect</code>函数，即便现在不准备测试任何功能：</p>
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<p><span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span></p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust">#[cfg(test)]
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mod tests {
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#[test]
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fn it_works() {
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client::connect();
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>使用<code>cargo test</code>命令运行测试：</p>
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<pre><code>$ cargo test
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Compiling communicator v0.1.0 (file:///projects/communicator)
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error[E0433]: failed to resolve. Use of undeclared type or module `client`
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--> src/lib.rs:9:9
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9 | client::connect();
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Use of undeclared type or module `client`
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warning: function is never used: `connect`, #[warn(dead_code)] on by default
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--> src/network/server.rs:1:1
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1 | fn connect() {
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| ^
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</code></pre>
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<p>编译失败了，不过为什么呢？并不需要像 <em>src/main.rs</em> 那样将<code>communicator::</code>置于函数前，因为这里肯定是在<code>communicator</code>库 crate 之内的。之所以失败的原因是路径是相对于当前模块的，在这里就是<code>tests</code>。唯一的例外就是<code>use</code>语句，它默认是相对于 crate 根模块的。我们的<code>tests</code>模块需要<code>client</code>模块位于其作用域中！</p>
|
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<p>那么如何在模块层次结构中回退一级模块，以便在<code>tests</code>模块中能够调用<code>client::connect</code>函数呢？在<code>tests</code>模块中，要么可以在开头使用双冒号来让 Rust 知道我们想要从根模块开始并列出整个路径：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust,ignore">::client::connect();
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</code></pre>
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<p>要么可以使用<code>super</code>在层级中获取当前模块的上一级模块：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust,ignore">super::client::connect();
|
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|
|
</code></pre>
|
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|
<p>在这个例子中这两个选择看不出有多么大的区别，不过随着模块层次的更加深入，每次都从根模块开始就会显得很长了。在这些情况下，使用<code>super</code>来获取当前模块的同级模块是一个好的捷径。再加上，如果在代码中的很多地方指定了从根开始的路径，那么当通过移动子树或到其他位置来重新排列模块时，最终就需要更新很多地方的路径，这就非常乏味无趣了。</p>
|
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|
<p>在每一个测试中总是不得不编写<code>super::</code>也会显得很恼人，不过你已经见过解决这个问题的利器了：<code>use</code>！<code>super::</code>的功能改变了提供给<code>use</code>的路径，使其不再相对于根模块而是相对于父模块。</p>
|
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|
<p>为此，特别是在<code>tests</code>模块，<code>use super::something</code>是常用的手段。所以现在的测试看起来像这样：</p>
|
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|
|
<p><span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span></p>
|
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|
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-rust">#[cfg(test)]
|
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|
|
|
mod tests {
|
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|
|
|
|
use super::client;
|
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|
#[test]
|
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|
|
|
fn it_works() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
client::connect();
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
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|
|
|
}
|
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|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
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|
|
|
<p>如果再次运行<code>cargo test</code>，测试将会通过而且测试结果输出的第一部分将会是：</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><code>$ cargo test
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compiling communicator v0.1.0 (file:///projects/communicator)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Running target/debug/communicator-92007ddb5330fa5a
|
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|
running 1 test
|
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|
test tests::it_works ... ok
|
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|
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
|
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|
</code></pre>
|
2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
|
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|
<a class="header" href="#总结" name="总结"><h2>总结</h2></a>
|
2017-02-21 23:30:39 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<p>现在你掌握了组织代码的核心科技！利用他们将相关的代码组合在一起、防止代码文件过长并将一个整洁的公有 API 展现给库的用户。</p>
|
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|
|
<p>接下来，让我们看看一些标准库提供的集合数据类型，你可以利用他们编写出漂亮整洁的代码。</p>
|
2017-02-21 16:02:19 +08:00
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