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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<title>trait：定义共享的行为 - Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</title>
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2017-02-25 23:47:33 +08:00
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2017-02-25 23:47:33 +08:00
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<ul class="chapter"><li><a href="ch01-00-introduction.html"><strong>1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong>1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong>1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong>2.</strong> 猜猜看教程</a></li><li><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong>3.</strong> 通用编程概念</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong>3.1.</strong> 变量和可变性</a></li><li><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong>3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong>3.3.</strong> 函数如何工作</a></li><li><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong>3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong>3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong>4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong>4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权</a></li><li><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong>4.2.</strong> 引用 & 借用</a></li><li><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong>4.3.</strong> Slices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong>5.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch05-01-method-syntax.html"><strong>5.1.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong>6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong>6.1.</strong> 定义枚举</a></li><li><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong>6.2.</strong> <code>match</code>控制流运算符</a></li><li><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong>6.3.</strong> <code>if let</code>简单控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch07-00-modules.html"><strong>7.</strong> 模块</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch07-01-mod-and-the-filesystem.html"><strong>7.1.</strong> <code>mod</code>和文件系统</a></li><li><a href="ch07-02-controlling-visibility-with-pub.html"><strong>7.2.</strong> 使用<code>pub</code>控制可见性</a></li><li><a href="ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.html"><strong>7.3.</strong> 使用<code>use</code>导入命名</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong>8.</strong> 通用集合类型</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong>8.1.</strong> vector</a></li><li><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong>8.2.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong>8.3.</strong> 哈希 map</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong>9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong>9.1.</strong> <code>panic!</code>与不可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong>9.2.</strong> <code>Result</code>与可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong>9.3.</strong> <code>panic!</code>还是不<code>panic!</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong>10.</strong> 泛型、trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong>10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch10-02-traits.html" class="active"><strong>10.2.</strong> trait：定义共享的行为</a></li><li><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong>10.3.</strong> 生命周期与引用有效性</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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2017-02-26 15:11:54 +08:00
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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2017-02-25 23:47:33 +08:00
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<div id="content" class="content">
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2017-02-26 21:34:40 +08:00
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<a class="header" href="#trait定义共享的行为" name="trait定义共享的行为"><h2>trait：定义共享的行为</h2></a>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/src/ch10-02-traits.md">ch10-02-traits.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 709eb1eaca48864fafd9263042f5f9d9d6ffe08d</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>trait 允许我们进行另一种抽象：他们让我们可以抽象类型所通用的行为。<em>trait</em> 告诉 Rust 编译器某个特定类型拥有可能与其他类型共享的功能。在使用泛型类型参数的场景中，可以使用 <em>trait bounds</em> 在编译时指定泛型可以是任何实现了某个 trait 的类型，并由此在这个场景下拥有我们希望的功能。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>注意：<em>trait</em> 类似于其他语言中的常被称为<strong>接口</strong>（<em>interfaces</em>）的功能，虽然有一些不同。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<a class="header" href="#定义-trait" name="定义-trait"><h3>定义 trait</h3></a>
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<p>一个类型的行为由其可供调用的方法构成。如果可以对不同类型调用相同的方法的话，这些类型就可以共享相同的行为了。trait 定义是一种将方法签名组合起来的方法，目的是定义一个实现某些目的所必须行为的集合。</p>
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<p>例如，这里有多个存放了不同类型和属性文本的结构体：结构体<code>NewsArticle</code>用于存放发生于世界各地的新闻故事，而结构体<code>Tweet</code>最多只能存放 140 个字符的内容，以及像是否转推或是否是对推友的回复这样的元数据。</p>
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<p>我们想要创建一个多媒体聚合库用来显示可能储存在<code>NewsArticle</code>或<code>Tweet</code>实例中的数据的总结。每一个结构体都需要的行为是他们是能够被总结的，这样的话就可以调用实例的<code>summary</code>方法来请求总结。列表 10-11 中展示了一个表现这个概念的<code>Summarizable</code> trait 的定义：</p>
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<figure>
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<span class="filename">Filename: lib.rs</span>
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<pre><code class="language-rust">pub trait Summarizable {
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fn summary(&self) -> String;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<figcaption>
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<p>Listing 10-11: Definition of a <code>Summarizable</code> trait that consists of the
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behavior provided by a <code>summary</code> method</p>
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>使用<code>trait</code>关键字来定义一个 trait，后面是 trait 的名字，在这个例子中是<code>Summarizable</code>。在大括号中声明描述实现这个 trait 的类型所需要的行为的方法签名，在这个例子中是是<code>fn summary(&self) -> String</code>。在方法签名后跟分号而不是在大括号中提供其实现。接着每一个实现这个 trait 的类型都需要提供其自定义行为的方法体，编译器也会确保任何实现<code>Summarizable</code> trait 的类型都拥有与这个签名的定义完全一致的<code>summary</code>方法。</p>
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<p>trait 体中可以有多个方法，一行一个方法签名且都以分号结尾。</p>
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<a class="header" href="#为类型实现-trait" name="为类型实现-trait"><h3>为类型实现 trait</h3></a>
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<p>现在我们定义了<code>Summarizable</code> trait，接着就可以在多媒体聚合库中需要拥有这个行为的类型上实现它了。列表 10-12 中展示了<code>NewsArticle</code>结构体上<code>Summarizable</code> trait 的一个实现，它使用标题、作者和创建的位置作为<code>summary</code>的返回值。对于<code>Tweet</code>结构体，我们选择将<code>summary</code>定义为用户名后跟推文的全部文本作为返回值，并假设推文内容已经被限制为 140 字符以内。</p>
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<figure>
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<span class="filename">Filename: lib.rs</span>
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<pre><code class="language-rust"># pub trait Summarizable {
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# fn summary(&self) -> String;
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# }
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#
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pub struct NewsArticle {
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pub headline: String,
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pub location: String,
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pub author: String,
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pub content: String,
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}
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impl Summarizable for NewsArticle {
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fn summary(&self) -> String {
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format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)
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}
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}
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pub struct Tweet {
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pub username: String,
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pub content: String,
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pub reply: bool,
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pub retweet: bool,
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}
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impl Summarizable for Tweet {
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fn summary(&self) -> String {
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format!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<figcaption>
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<p>Listing 10-12: Implementing the <code>Summarizable</code> trait on the <code>NewsArticle</code> and
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<code>Tweet</code> types</p>
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>在类型上实现 trait 类似与实现与 trait 无关的方法。区别在于<code>impl</code>关键字之后，我们提供需要实现 trait 的名称，接着是<code>for</code>和需要实现 trait 的类型的名称。</p>
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2017-02-25 23:47:33 +08:00
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