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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a h
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<main>
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<h2 id="使用-sync-和-send-trait-的可扩展并发"><a class="header" href="#使用-sync-和-send-trait-的可扩展并发">使用 <code>Sync</code> 和 <code>Send</code> trait 的可扩展并发</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md">ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 7c7740a5ddef1458d74f1daf85fd49e03aaa97cf</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>Rust 的并发模型中一个有趣的方面是：语言本身对并发知之 <strong>甚少</strong>。我们之前讨论的几乎所有内容，都属于标准库，而不是语言本身的内容。由于不需要语言提供并发相关的基础设施，并发方案不受标准库或语言所限：我们可以编写自己的或使用别人编写的并发功能。</p>
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<p>然而有两个并发概念是内嵌于语言中的：<code>std::marker</code> 中的 <code>Sync</code> 和 <code>Send</code> trait。</p>
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<h3 id="通过-send-允许在线程间转移所有权"><a class="header" href="#通过-send-允许在线程间转移所有权">通过 <code>Send</code> 允许在线程间转移所有权</a></h3>
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<p><code>Send</code> 标记 trait 表明实现了 <code>Send</code> 的类型值的所有权可以在线程间传送。几乎所有的 Rust 类型都是<code>Send</code> 的，不过有一些例外，包括 <code>Rc<T></code>：这是不能 <code>Send</code> 的，因为如果克隆了 <code>Rc<T></code> 的值并尝试将克隆的所有权转移到另一个线程，这两个线程都可能同时更新引用计数。为此，<code>Rc<T></code> 被实现为用于单线程场景，这时不需要为拥有线程安全的引用计数而付出性能代价。</p>
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<p>因此，Rust 类型系统和 trait bound 确保永远也不会意外的将不安全的 <code>Rc<T></code> 在线程间发送。当尝试在示例 16-14 中这么做的时候，会得到错误 <code>the trait Send is not implemented for Rc<Mutex<i32>></code>。而使用标记为 <code>Send</code> 的 <code>Arc<T></code> 时，就没有问题了。</p>
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<p>任何完全由 <code>Send</code> 的类型组成的类型也会自动被标记为 <code>Send</code>。几乎所有基本类型都是 <code>Send</code> 的，除了第二十章将会讨论的裸指针（raw pointer）。</p>
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<h3 id="sync-允许多线程访问"><a class="header" href="#sync-允许多线程访问"><code>Sync</code> 允许多线程访问</a></h3>
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<p><code>Sync</code> 标记 trait 表明一个实现了 <code>Sync</code> 的类型可以安全的在多个线程中拥有其值的引用。换一种方式来说，对于任意类型 <code>T</code>，如果 <code>&T</code>（<code>T</code> 的不可变引用）是 <code>Send</code> 的话 <code>T</code> 就是 <code>Sync</code> 的，这意味着其引用就可以安全的发送到另一个线程。类似于 <code>Send</code> 的情况，基本类型是 <code>Sync</code> 的，完全由 <code>Sync</code> 的类型组成的类型也是 <code>Sync</code> 的。</p>
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<p>智能指针 <code>Rc<T></code> 也不是 <code>Sync</code> 的，出于其不是 <code>Send</code> 相同的原因。<code>RefCell<T></code>（第十五章讨论过）和 <code>Cell<T></code> 系列类型不是 <code>Sync</code> 的。<code>RefCell<T></code> 在运行时所进行的借用检查也不是线程安全的。<code>Mutex<T></code> 是 <code>Sync</code> 的，正如 <a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html#%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E9%97%B4%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB-mutext">“在线程间共享 <code>Mutex<T></code>”</a> 部分所讲的它可以被用来在多线程中共享访问。</p>
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<h3 id="手动实现-send-和-sync-是不安全的"><a class="header" href="#手动实现-send-和-sync-是不安全的">手动实现 <code>Send</code> 和 <code>Sync</code> 是不安全的</a></h3>
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<p>通常并不需要手动实现 <code>Send</code> 和 <code>Sync</code> trait，因为由 <code>Send</code> 和 <code>Sync</code> 的类型组成的类型，自动就是 <code>Send</code> 和 <code>Sync</code> 的。因为它们是标记 trait，甚至都不需要实现任何方法。它们只是用来加强并发相关的不可变性的。</p>
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<p>手动实现这些标记 trait 涉及到编写不安全的 Rust 代码，第十九章将会讲述具体的方法；当前重要的是，在创建新的由不是 <code>Send</code> 和 <code>Sync</code> 的部分构成的并发类型时需要多加小心，以确保维持其安全保证。<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/index.html">“The Rustonomicon”</a> 中有更多关于这些保证以及如何维持它们的信息。</p>
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<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
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<p>这不会是本书最后一个出现并发的章节：第二十一章的项目会在更现实的场景中使用这些概念，而不像本章中讨论的这些小例子。</p>
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<p>正如之前提到的，因为 Rust 本身很少有处理并发的部分内容，有很多的并发方案都由 crate 实现。它们比标准库要发展的更快；请在网上搜索当前最新的用于多线程场景的 crate。</p>
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<p>Rust 提供了用于消息传递的信道，和像 <code>Mutex<T></code> 和 <code>Arc<T></code> 这样可以安全的用于并发上下文的智能指针。类型系统和借用检查器会确保这些场景中的代码，不会出现数据竞争和无效的引用。一旦代码可以编译了，我们就可以坚信这些代码可以正确的运行于多线程环境，而不会出现其他语言中经常出现的那些难以追踪的 bug。并发编程不再是什么可怕的概念：无所畏惧地并发吧！</p>
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<p>接下来，让我们讨论一下当 Rust 程序变得更大时，有哪些符合语言习惯的问题建模方法和结构化解决方案，以及 Rust 的风格是如何与面向对象编程（Object Oriented Programming）中那些你所熟悉的概念相联系的。</p>
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