mirror of
https://github.com/KaiserY/trpl-zh-cn
synced 2024-11-14 04:41:49 +08:00
433 lines
46 KiB
HTML
433 lines
46 KiB
HTML
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
|||
|
<html lang="en" class="light" dir="ltr">
|
|||
|
<head>
|
|||
|
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
|||
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|||
|
<title>共享状态并发 - Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</title>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<meta name="description" content="">
|
|||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
|||
|
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
|
|||
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Fonts -->
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="highlight.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="tomorrow-night.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ayu-highlight.css">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ferris.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/2018-edition.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/semantic-notes.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/listing.css">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</head>
|
|||
|
<body class="sidebar-visible no-js">
|
|||
|
<div id="body-container">
|
|||
|
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
var path_to_root = "";
|
|||
|
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
try {
|
|||
|
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
|
|||
|
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
|
|||
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
|
|||
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
} catch (e) { }
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
var theme;
|
|||
|
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
|||
|
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
|||
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|||
|
html.classList.remove('light')
|
|||
|
html.classList.add(theme);
|
|||
|
var body = document.querySelector('body');
|
|||
|
body.classList.remove('no-js')
|
|||
|
body.classList.add('js');
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
var body = document.querySelector('body');
|
|||
|
var sidebar = null;
|
|||
|
var sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor");
|
|||
|
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
|
|||
|
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
|
|||
|
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
|
|||
|
} else {
|
|||
|
sidebar = 'hidden';
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible';
|
|||
|
body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
|
|||
|
body.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
|||
|
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
|||
|
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a h
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
|
|||
|
<div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Track and set sidebar scroll position -->
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
var sidebarScrollbox = document.querySelector('#sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox');
|
|||
|
sidebarScrollbox.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
|
|||
|
if (e.target.tagName === 'A') {
|
|||
|
sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop);
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}, { passive: true });
|
|||
|
var sidebarScrollTop = sessionStorage.getItem('sidebar-scroll');
|
|||
|
sessionStorage.removeItem('sidebar-scroll');
|
|||
|
if (sidebarScrollTop) {
|
|||
|
// preserve sidebar scroll position when navigating via links within sidebar
|
|||
|
sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop = sidebarScrollTop;
|
|||
|
} else {
|
|||
|
// scroll sidebar to current active section when navigating via "next/previous chapter" buttons
|
|||
|
var activeSection = document.querySelector('#sidebar .active');
|
|||
|
if (activeSection) {
|
|||
|
activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' });
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div class="page">
|
|||
|
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
|
|||
|
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky">
|
|||
|
<div class="left-buttons">
|
|||
|
<label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
|
|||
|
</label>
|
|||
|
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
|
|||
|
</button>
|
|||
|
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
|
|||
|
</button>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div class="right-buttons">
|
|||
|
<a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
|
|||
|
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
<a href="https://github.com/KaiserY/trpl-zh-cn/tree/main" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
|
|||
|
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
<a href="https://github.com/KaiserY/trpl-zh-cn/edit/main/src/ch16-03-shared-state.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit">
|
|||
|
<i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
|
|||
|
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
|
|||
|
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
|
|||
|
</form>
|
|||
|
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
|
|||
|
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
|
|||
|
<ul id="searchresults">
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
|
|||
|
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
|
|||
|
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
|
|||
|
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="content" class="content">
|
|||
|
<main>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="共享状态的并发"><a class="header" href="#共享状态的并发">共享状态的并发</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch16-03-shared-state.md">ch16-03-shared-state.md</a>
|
|||
|
<br>
|
|||
|
commit 856d89c53a6d69470bb5669c773fdfe6aab6fcc9</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>消息传递是一个很好的处理并发的方式,但并不是唯一一个。另一种方式是让多个线程访问同一块内存中的数据(共享状态)。再考虑一下 Go 语言文档中的这句口号:“不要通过共享内存来通讯”(“do not communicate by sharing memory.”</p>
|
|||
|
<p>通过共享内存进行通信,会是什么样的代码?此外,为什么喜欢消息传递的人会警告:谨慎使用内存共享?</p>
|
|||
|
<p>在某种程度上,任何编程语言中的信道都类似于单所有权,因为一旦将一个值传送到信道中,将无法再使用这个值。共享内存类似于多所有权:多个线程可以同时访问相同的内存位置。在 15 章中,我们介绍了智能指针可以实现多所有权,然而这会增加额外的复杂性,因为需要管理多个所有者。Rust 的类型系统和所有权规则在正确管理这些问题上提供了极大的帮助:举个例子,让我们来看看 <strong>互斥器</strong>,一个较常见的共享内存并发原语。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="使用互斥器实现同一时刻只允许一个线程访问数据"><a class="header" href="#使用互斥器实现同一时刻只允许一个线程访问数据">使用互斥器,实现同一时刻只允许一个线程访问数据</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>互斥器</strong>(<em>mutex</em>)是 互相排斥(<em>mutual exclusion</em>)的缩写。在同一时刻,其只允许一个线程对数据拥有访问权。为了访问互斥器中的数据,线程首先需要通过获取互斥器的 <strong>锁</strong>(<em>lock</em>)来表明其希望访问数据。锁是一个数据结构,作为互斥器的一部分,它记录谁有数据的专属访问权。因此我们讲,互斥器通过锁系统 <strong>保护</strong>(<em>guarding</em>)其数据。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>互斥器以难以使用著称(译注:原文指互斥器在其他编程语言中难以使用),因为你必须记住:</p>
|
|||
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
<li>在使用数据之前,必须获取锁。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>使用完被互斥器所保护的数据之后,必须解锁数据,这样其他线程才能够获取锁。</li>
|
|||
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
<p>作为一个现实中互斥器的例子,想象一下在某个会议的一次小组座谈会中,只有一个麦克风。如果一位成员要发言,他必须请求或表示希望使用麦克风。得到了麦克风后,他可以畅所欲言,讲完后再将麦克风交给下一位希望讲话的成员。如果一位成员结束发言后忘记将麦克风交还,其他人将无法发言。如果对共享麦克风的管理出现了问题,座谈会将无法正常进行!</p>
|
|||
|
<p>正确的管理互斥器异常复杂,这也是许多人之所以热衷于信道的原因。然而,在 Rust 中,得益于类型系统和所有权,我们不会在锁和解锁上出错。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="mutext的-api"><a class="header" href="#mutext的-api"><code>Mutex<T></code>的 API</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>我们先从在单线程环境中使用互斥器开始,作为展示其用法的一个例子,如示例 16-12 所示:</p>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::Mutex;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
fn main() {
|
|||
|
let m = Mutex::new(5);
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
{
|
|||
|
let mut num = m.lock().unwrap();
|
|||
|
*num = 6;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
println!("m = {m:?}");
|
|||
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 16-12: 出于简单的考虑,在一个单线程上下文中探索 <code>Mutex<T></code> 的 API</span></p>
|
|||
|
<p>像很多类型一样,我们使用关联函数 <code>new</code> 来创建一个 <code>Mutex<T></code>。使用 <code>lock</code> 方法来获取锁,从而可以访问互斥器中的数据。这个调用会阻塞当前线程,直到我们拥有锁为止。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>如果另一个线程拥有锁,并且那个线程 panic 了,则 <code>lock</code> 调用会失败。在这种情况下,没人能够再获取锁,所以我们调用 <code>unwrap</code>,使当前线程 panic。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>一旦获取了锁,就可以将返回值(命名为 <code>num</code>)视为一个其内部数据(<code>i32</code>)的可变引用了。类型系统确保了我们在使用 <code>m</code> 中的值之前获取锁。<code>m</code> 的类型是 <code>Mutex<i32></code> 而不是 <code>i32</code>,所以 <strong>必须</strong> 获取锁才能使用这个 <code>i32</code> 值。我们是不会忘记这么做的,因为如果没有获取锁,类型系统就不允许访问内部的 <code>i32</code> 值。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>正如你所猜想的,<code>Mutex<T></code> 是一个智能指针。更准确的说,<code>lock</code> 调用 <strong>返回</strong> 一个叫做 <code>MutexGuard</code> 的智能指针。这个智能指针实现了 <code>Deref</code> 来指向其内部数据;它也实现了 <code>Drop</code>,当 <code>MutexGuard</code> 离开作用域时,自动释放锁(发生在示例 16-12 内部作用域的结尾)。有了这个特性,就不会有忘记释放锁的潜在风险(忘记释放锁会使互斥器无法再被其它线程使用),因为锁的释放是自动发生的。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>释放锁之后,我们可以打印出互斥器内部的 <code>i32</code> 值,并发现我们刚刚已经将其值改为 6。</p>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="在线程间共享-mutext"><a class="header" href="#在线程间共享-mutext">在线程间共享 <code>Mutex<T></code></a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>现在让我们尝试使用 <code>Mutex<T></code> 在多个线程间共享同一个值。我们将启动 10 个线程,并在各个线程中对同一个计数器值加 1,这样计数器将从 0 变为 10。示例 16-13 中的例子会出现编译错误,而我们将通过这些错误来学习如何使用 <code>Mutex<T></code>,以及 Rust 又是如何帮助我们正确使用的。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile">use std::sync::Mutex;
|
|||
|
use std::thread;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
fn main() {
|
|||
|
let counter = Mutex::new(0);
|
|||
|
let mut handles = vec![];
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for _ in 0..10 {
|
|||
|
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
*num += 1;
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
handles.push(handle);
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for handle in handles {
|
|||
|
handle.join().unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
println!("Result: {}", *counter.lock().unwrap());
|
|||
|
}</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 16-13: 程序启动了 10 个线程,每个线程都通过 <code>Mutex<T></code> 来增加计数器的值</span></p>
|
|||
|
<p>这里创建了一个 <code>counter</code> 变量来存放内含 <code>i32</code> 的 <code>Mutex<T></code>,类似示例 16-12 那样。接下来我们遍历整数区间,创建了 10 个线程。我们使用了 <code>thread::spawn</code>,并为所有线程传入了相同的闭包:它们每一个都将调用 <code>lock</code> 方法来获取 <code>Mutex<T></code> 上的锁,接着将互斥器中的值加一。当一个线程结束执行,<code>num</code> 会离开闭包作用域并释放锁,这样另一个线程就可以获取它了。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>在主线程中,我们像示例 16-2 那样收集了所有的 <code>JoinHandle</code>,并调用它们的 <code>join</code> 方法来等待所有线程结束。然后,主线程会获取锁,并打印出程序的结果。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>之前提示过,这个例子不能编译,让我们看看为什么!</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|||
|
Compiling shared-state v0.1.0 (file:///projects/shared-state)
|
|||
|
error[E0382]: borrow of moved value: `counter`
|
|||
|
--> src/main.rs:21:29
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
5 | let counter = Mutex::new(0);
|
|||
|
| ------- move occurs because `counter` has type `Mutex<i32>`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait
|
|||
|
...
|
|||
|
8 | for _ in 0..10 {
|
|||
|
| -------------- inside of this loop
|
|||
|
9 | let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
| ------- value moved into closure here, in previous iteration of loop
|
|||
|
...
|
|||
|
21 | println!("Result: {}", *counter.lock().unwrap());
|
|||
|
| ^^^^^^^ value borrowed here after move
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
help: consider moving the expression out of the loop so it is only moved once
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
8 ~ let mut value = counter.lock();
|
|||
|
9 ~ for _ in 0..10 {
|
|||
|
10 | let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
11 ~ let mut num = value.unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0382`.
|
|||
|
error: could not compile `shared-state` (bin "shared-state") due to 1 previous error
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>错误信息表明 <code>counter</code> 值在上一次循环中被移动了。所以 Rust 告诉我们,不能将 <code>counter</code> 锁的所有权移动到多个线程中。让我们通过一个第 15 章讨论过的多所有权手段,来修复这个编译错误。</p>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="多线程和多所有权"><a class="header" href="#多线程和多所有权">多线程和多所有权</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>在第 15 章中,我们用智能指针 <code>Rc<T></code> 来创建引用计数,使得一个值有了多个所有者。让我们做同样的事,看看会发生什么。将示例 16-14 中的 <code>Mutex<T></code> 封装进 <code>Rc<T></code> 中,并在将所有权移入线程之前克隆(clone) <code>Rc<T></code>。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore does_not_compile">use std::rc::Rc;
|
|||
|
use std::sync::Mutex;
|
|||
|
use std::thread;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
fn main() {
|
|||
|
let counter = Rc::new(Mutex::new(0));
|
|||
|
let mut handles = vec![];
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for _ in 0..10 {
|
|||
|
let counter = Rc::clone(&counter);
|
|||
|
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
*num += 1;
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
handles.push(handle);
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for handle in handles {
|
|||
|
handle.join().unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
println!("Result: {}", *counter.lock().unwrap());
|
|||
|
}</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 16-14: 尝试使用 <code>Rc<T></code> 来允许多个线程拥有 <code>Mutex<T></code></span></p>
|
|||
|
<p>再一次编译并...出现了不同的错误!编译器真是教会了我们很多!</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
|||
|
Compiling shared-state v0.1.0 (file:///projects/shared-state)
|
|||
|
error[E0277]: `Rc<Mutex<i32>>` cannot be sent between threads safely
|
|||
|
--> src/main.rs:11:36
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
11 | let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
| ------------- ^------
|
|||
|
| | |
|
|||
|
| ______________________|_____________within this `{closure@src/main.rs:11:36: 11:43}`
|
|||
|
| | |
|
|||
|
| | required by a bound introduced by this call
|
|||
|
12 | | let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap();
|
|||
|
13 | |
|
|||
|
14 | | *num += 1;
|
|||
|
15 | | });
|
|||
|
| |_________^ `Rc<Mutex<i32>>` cannot be sent between threads safely
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
= help: within `{closure@src/main.rs:11:36: 11:43}`, the trait `Send` is not implemented for `Rc<Mutex<i32>>`, which is required by `{closure@src/main.rs:11:36: 11:43}: Send`
|
|||
|
note: required because it's used within this closure
|
|||
|
--> src/main.rs:11:36
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
11 | let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
| ^^^^^^^
|
|||
|
note: required by a bound in `spawn`
|
|||
|
--> /rustc/eeb90cda1969383f56a2637cbd3037bdf598841c/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:688:1
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0277`.
|
|||
|
error: could not compile `shared-state` (bin "shared-state") due to 1 previous error
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>哇哦,错误信息太长不看!划重点:第一行错误表明 <code>Rc<Mutex<i32>></code> 不能在线程间安全传递(<code>`Rc<Mutex<i32>>` cannot be sent between threads safely</code>);编译器也指出了原因:<code>Rc<Mutex<i32>></code> 没有实现 <code>Send</code> trait(<code>the trait `Send` is not implemented for `Rc<Mutex<i32>>`</code>)。下一节我们会讲到 <code>Send</code>:这是一个确保所使用的类型可以用于并发环境的 trait。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>不幸的是,<code>Rc<T></code> 并不能安全的在线程间共享。当 <code>Rc<T></code> 管理引用计数时,它必须在每一个 <code>clone</code> 调用时增加计数,并在每一个克隆体被丢弃时减少计数。<code>Rc<T></code> 并没有使用任何并发原语,无法确保改变计数的操作不会被其他线程打断。这可能使计数出错,并导致诡异的 bug,比如可能会造成内存泄漏,或在使用结束之前就丢弃一个值。我们所需要的是一个与 <code>Rc<T></code> 完全一致,又以线程安全的方式改变引用计数的类型。</p>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="原子引用计数-arct"><a class="header" href="#原子引用计数-arct">原子引用计数 <code>Arc<T></code></a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>所幸 <code>Arc<T></code> 正是这么一个类似 <code>Rc<T></code> 并可以安全的用于并发环境的类型。字母 “a” 代表 <strong>原子性</strong>(<em>atomic</em>),所以这是一个 <strong>原子引用计数</strong>(<em>atomically reference counted</em>)类型。<strong>原子类型</strong> (Atomics) 是另一类这里还未涉及到的并发原语:请查看标准库中 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/atomic/index.html"><code>std::sync::atomic</code></a> 的文档来获取更多细节。目前我们只需要知道:原子类型就像基本类型一样,可以安全的在线程间共享。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>你可能会好奇,为什么不是所有的基本类型都是原子性的?为什么标准库中的类型没有全部默认使用 <code>Arc<T></code> 实现?原因在于,线程安全会造成性能损失,我们希望只在必要时才为此买单。如果只是在单线程中对值进行操作,原子性提供的保证并无必要,而不加入原子性可以使代码运行得更快。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>回到之前的例子:<code>Arc<T></code> 和 <code>Rc<T></code> 有着相同的 API,所以我们只需修改程序中的 <code>use</code> 行、<code>new</code> 调用和 <code>clone</code> 调用。示例 16-15 中的代码最终可以编译和运行:</p>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="filename">文件名:src/main.rs</span></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
|
|||
|
use std::thread;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
fn main() {
|
|||
|
let counter = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
|
|||
|
let mut handles = vec![];
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for _ in 0..10 {
|
|||
|
let counter = Arc::clone(&counter);
|
|||
|
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
|||
|
let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap();
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
*num += 1;
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
handles.push(handle);
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for handle in handles {
|
|||
|
handle.join().unwrap();
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
println!("Result: {}", *counter.lock().unwrap());
|
|||
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|||
|
<p><span class="caption">示例 16-15: 使用 <code>Arc<T></code> 包装一个 <code>Mutex<T></code> 能够实现在多线程之间共享所有权</span></p>
|
|||
|
<p>这会打印出:</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-text">Result: 10
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>成功了!我们从 0 数到了 10,这好像没啥大不了的,不过一路上我们确实学习了很多关于 <code>Mutex<T></code> 和线程安全的内容!这个例子中构建的结构可以用于比增加计数更为复杂的操作。使用这个策略,我们可将计算任务分成独立的部分,并分散到多个线程中,接着使用 <code>Mutex<T></code> 使用各自的运算结果来更新最终的结果。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>注意,对于简单的数值运算,<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/atomic/index.html">标准库中 <code>std::sync::atomic</code> 模块</a> 提供了比 <code>Mutex<T></code> 更简单的类型。针对基本类型,这些类型提供了安全、并发、原子的操作。在上面的例子中,为了专注于讲明白 <code>Mutex<T></code> 的用法,我们才选择在基本类型上使用 <code>Mutex<T></code>。(译注:对于上面例子中出现的 <code>i32</code> 加法操作,更好的做法是使用 <code>AtomicI32</code> 类型来完成。具体参考文档。)</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="refcelltrct-与-mutextarct-的相似性"><a class="header" href="#refcelltrct-与-mutextarct-的相似性"><code>RefCell<T></code>/<code>Rc<T></code> 与 <code>Mutex<T></code>/<code>Arc<T></code> 的相似性</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>你可能注意到了,尽管 <code>counter</code> 是不可变的,我们仍然可以获取其内部值的可变引用;这意味着 <code>Mutex<T></code> 提供了内部可变性,就像 <code>Cell</code> 系列类型那样。使用 <code>RefCell<T></code> 可以改变 <code>Rc<T></code> 中内容(在 15 章中讲到过),同样地,使用 <code>Mutex<T></code> 我们也可以改变 <code>Arc<T></code> 中的内容。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>另一个值得注意的细节是,Rust 不能完全避免使用 <code>Mutex<T></code> 所带来的逻辑错误。回忆一下,第 15 章中讲过,使用 <code>Rc<T></code> 就有造成引用循环的风险:两个 <code>Rc<T></code> 值相互引用,造成内存泄漏。同理,<code>Mutex<T></code> 也有造成 <strong>死锁</strong>(<em>deadlock</em>)的风险:当某个操作需要锁住两个资源,而两个线程分别持有两个资源的其中一个锁时,它们会永远相互等待。如果你对这个话题感兴趣,尝试编写一个带有死锁的 Rust 程序,接着研究别的语言中使用互斥器的死锁规避策略,并尝试在 Rust 中实现它们。标准库中 <code>Mutex<T></code> 和 <code>MutexGuard</code> 的 API 文档会提供有用的信息。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>接下来,为了丰富本章的内容,让我们讨论一下 <code>Send</code>和 <code>Sync</code> trait,以及如何对自定义类型使用它们。</p>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</main>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|||
|
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
|||
|
<a rel="prev" href="ch16-02-message-passing.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<a rel="next prefetch" href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
|||
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|||
|
<a rel="prev" href="ch16-02-message-passing.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<a rel="next prefetch" href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<script>
|
|||
|
window.playground_copyable = true;
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<script src="elasticlunr.min.js"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="mark.min.js"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="searcher.js"></script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<script src="clipboard.min.js"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="highlight.js"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="book.js"></script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
|
|||
|
<script src="ferris.js"></script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</body>
|
|||
|
</html>
|