优雅停机与清理
ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md
commit 3e5105b52f7e8d3d95def07ffade4dcb1cfdee27
示例 20-20 中的代码如期通过使用线程池异步的响应请求。这里有一些警告说 workers、id 和 thread 字段没有直接被使用，这提醒了我们并没有清理所有的内容。当使用不那么优雅的 ctrl-c 终止主线程时，所有其他线程也会立刻停止，即便它们正处于处理请求的过程中。
现在我们要为 ThreadPool 实现 Drop trait 对线程池中的每一个线程调用 join，这样这些线程将会执行完它们的请求。接着会为 ThreadPool 实现一个告诉线程它们应该停止接收新请求并结束的方式。为了实践这些代码，修改 server 在优雅停机（graceful shutdown）之前只接受两个请求。
为 ThreadPool 实现 Drop Trait
现在开始为线程池实现 Drop。当线程池被丢弃时，应该 join 所有线程以确保它们完成其操作。示例 20-22 展示了 Drop 实现的第一次尝试；这些代码还不能够编译：
文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: mpsc::Sender<Job>,
}
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool { workers, sender }
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
worker.thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let job = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
});
Worker { id, thread }
}
}示例 20-22: 当线程池离开作用域时 join 每个线程
这里首先遍历线程池中的每个 workers。这里使用了 &mut 因为 self 本身是一个可变引用而且也需要能够修改 worker。对于每一个线程，会打印出说明信息表明此特定 worker 正在关闭，接着在 worker 线程上调用 join。如果 join 调用失败，通过 unwrap 使得 panic 并进行不优雅的关闭。
如下是尝试编译代码时得到的错误：
$ cargo check
Checking hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
error[E0507]: cannot move out of `worker.thread` which is behind a mutable reference
--> src/lib.rs:52:13
|
52 | worker.thread.join().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ------ `worker.thread` moved due to this method call
| |
| move occurs because `worker.thread` has type `JoinHandle<()>`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait
|
note: `JoinHandle::<T>::join` takes ownership of the receiver `self`, which moves `worker.thread`
--> /rustc/eeb90cda1969383f56a2637cbd3037bdf598841c/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:1778:17
For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0507`.
error: could not compile `hello` (lib) due to 1 previous error
这里的错误告诉我们并不能调用 join，因为我们只有每一个 worker 的可变借用，而 join 需要获取其参数的所有权。为了解决这个问题，需要一个方法将 thread 移动出拥有其所有权的 Worker 实例以便 join 可以消费这个线程。示例 17-15 中我们曾见过这么做的方法：如果 Worker 存放的是 Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>，就可以在 Option 上调用 take 方法将值从 Some 成员中移动出来而对 None 成员不做处理。换句话说，正在运行的 Worker 的 thread 将是 Some 成员值，而当需要清理 worker 时，将 Some 替换为 None，这样 worker 就没有可以运行的线程了。
为此需要更新 Worker 的定义为如下：
文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: mpsc::Sender<Job>,
}
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool { workers, sender }
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
worker.thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let job = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
});
Worker { id, thread }
}
}现在依靠编译器来找出其他需要修改的地方。check 代码会得到两个错误：
$ cargo check
Checking hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
error[E0599]: no method named `join` found for enum `Option` in the current scope
--> src/lib.rs:52:27
|
52 | worker.thread.join().unwrap();
| ^^^^ method not found in `Option<JoinHandle<()>>`
|
note: the method `join` exists on the type `JoinHandle<()>`
--> /rustc/eeb90cda1969383f56a2637cbd3037bdf598841c/library/std/src/thread/mod.rs:1778:5
help: consider using `Option::expect` to unwrap the `JoinHandle<()>` value, panicking if the value is an `Option::None`
|
52 | worker.thread.expect("REASON").join().unwrap();
| +++++++++++++++++
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--> src/lib.rs:72:22
|
72 | Worker { id, thread }
| ^^^^^^ expected `Option<JoinHandle<()>>`, found `JoinHandle<_>`
|
= note: expected enum `Option<JoinHandle<()>>`
found struct `JoinHandle<_>`
help: try wrapping the expression in `Some`
|
72 | Worker { id, thread: Some(thread) }
| +++++++++++++ +
Some errors have detailed explanations: E0308, E0599.
For more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0308`.
error: could not compile `hello` (lib) due to 2 previous errors
让我们修复第二个错误，它指向 Worker::new 结尾的代码；当新建 Worker 时需要将 thread 值封装进 Some。做出如下改变以修复问题：
文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: mpsc::Sender<Job>,
}
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool { workers, sender }
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
worker.thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
// --snip--
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let job = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
});
Worker {
id,
thread: Some(thread),
}
}
}第一个错误位于 Drop 实现中。之前提到过要调用 Option 上的 take 将 thread 移动出 worker。如下改变会修复问题：
文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: mpsc::Sender<Job>,
}
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool { workers, sender }
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let job = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
});
Worker {
id,
thread: Some(thread),
}
}
}如第十八章我们见过的，Option 上的 take 方法会取出 Some 而留下 None。使用 if let 解构 Some 并得到线程，接着在线程上调用 join。如果 worker 的线程已然是 None，就知道此时这个 worker 已经清理了其线程所以无需做任何操作。
向线程发送信号使其停止接收任务
有了所有这些修改，代码就能编译且没有任何警告。不过也有坏消息，这些代码还不能以我们期望的方式运行。问题的关键在于 Worker 中分配的线程所运行的闭包中的逻辑：调用 join 并不会关闭线程，因为它们一直 loop 来寻找任务。如果采用这个实现来尝试丢弃 ThreadPool，则主线程会永远阻塞在等待第一个线程结束上。
为了修复这个问题，我们将修改 ThreadPool 的 drop 实现并修改 Worker 循环。
首先修改 ThreadPool 的 drop 实现在等待线程结束前显式丢弃 sender。示例 20-23 展示了 ThreadPool 显式丢弃 sender 所作的修改。我们使用了与之前处理线程时相同的 Option 和 take 技术以便能从 ThreadPool 中移动 sender：
文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: Option<mpsc::Sender<Job>>,
}
// --snip--
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
// --snip--
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool {
workers,
sender: Some(sender),
}
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.as_ref().unwrap().send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
drop(self.sender.take());
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let job = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
});
Worker {
id,
thread: Some(thread),
}
}
}示例 20-23: 在 join worker 线程之前显式丢弃 sender
丢弃 sender 会关闭信道，这表明不会有更多的消息被发送。这时 worker 中的无限循环中的所有 recv 调用都会返回错误。在示例 20-24 中，我们修改 Worker 循环在这种情况下优雅地退出，这意味着当 ThreadPool 的 drop 实现调用 join 时线程会结束。
文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: Option<mpsc::Sender<Job>>,
}
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool {
workers,
sender: Some(sender),
}
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.as_ref().unwrap().send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
drop(self.sender.take());
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let message = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv();
match message {
Ok(job) => {
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
}
Err(_) => {
println!("Worker {id} disconnected; shutting down.");
break;
}
}
});
Worker {
id,
thread: Some(thread),
}
}
}示例 20-24：当 recv 返回错误时显式退出循环
为了实践这些代码，如示例 20-25 所示修改 main 在优雅停机 server 之前只接受两个请求：
文件名：src/main.rs
use hello::ThreadPool;
use std::{
fs,
io::{prelude::*, BufReader},
net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
thread,
time::Duration,
};
fn main() {
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:7878").unwrap();
let pool = ThreadPool::new(4);
for stream in listener.incoming().take(2) {
let stream = stream.unwrap();
pool.execute(|| {
handle_connection(stream);
});
}
println!("Shutting down.");
}
fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&stream);
let request_line = buf_reader.lines().next().unwrap().unwrap();
let (status_line, filename) = match &request_line[..] {
"GET / HTTP/1.1" => ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", "hello.html"),
"GET /sleep HTTP/1.1" => {
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", "hello.html")
}
_ => ("HTTP/1.1 404 NOT FOUND", "404.html"),
};
let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename).unwrap();
let length = contents.len();
let response =
format!("{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}");
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
}示例 20-25: 在处理两个请求之后通过退出循环来停止 server
你不会希望真实世界的 web server 只处理两次请求就停机了，这只是为了展示优雅停机和清理处于正常工作状态。
take 方法定义于 Iterator trait，这里限制循环最多头 2 次。ThreadPool 会在 main 的结尾离开作用域，而且还会看到 drop 实现的运行。
使用 cargo run 启动 server，并发起三个请求。第三个请求应该会失败，而终端的输出应该看起来像这样：
$ cargo run
Compiling hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.0s
Running `target/debug/hello`
Worker 0 got a job; executing.
Shutting down.
Shutting down worker 0
Worker 3 got a job; executing.
Worker 1 disconnected; shutting down.
Worker 2 disconnected; shutting down.
Worker 3 disconnected; shutting down.
Worker 0 disconnected; shutting down.
Shutting down worker 1
Shutting down worker 2
Shutting down worker 3
可能会出现不同顺序的 worker 和信息输出。可以从信息中看到服务是如何运行的：worker 0 和 worker 3 获取了头两个请求。server 会在头第二个请求后停止接受请求，ThreadPool 的 Drop 实现甚至会在 worker 3 开始工作之前就开始执行。丢弃 sender 会断开所有 worker 的连接并让它们关闭。每个 worker 在断开时会打印出一个信息，接着线程池调用 join 来等待每一个 worker 线程结束。
这个特定的运行过程中一个有趣的地方在于：ThreadPool 丢弃 sender，而在任何线程收到消息之前，就尝试 join worker 0 了。worker 0 还没有从 recv 获得一个错误，所以主线程阻塞直到 worker 0 结束。与此同时，worker 3 接收到一个任务接着所有线程会收到一个错误。一旦 worker 0 结束，主线程就等待余下其他 worker 结束。此时它们都退出了循环并停止。
恭喜！现在我们完成了这个项目，也有了一个使用线程池异步响应请求的基础 web server。我们能对 server 执行优雅停机，它会清理线程池中的所有线程。
如下是完整的代码参考：
文件名：src/main.rs
use hello::ThreadPool;
use std::{
fs,
io::{prelude::*, BufReader},
net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
thread,
time::Duration,
};
fn main() {
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:7878").unwrap();
let pool = ThreadPool::new(4);
for stream in listener.incoming().take(2) {
let stream = stream.unwrap();
pool.execute(|| {
handle_connection(stream);
});
}
println!("Shutting down.");
}
fn handle_connection(mut stream: TcpStream) {
let buf_reader = BufReader::new(&stream);
let request_line = buf_reader.lines().next().unwrap().unwrap();
let (status_line, filename) = match &request_line[..] {
"GET / HTTP/1.1" => ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", "hello.html"),
"GET /sleep HTTP/1.1" => {
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", "hello.html")
}
_ => ("HTTP/1.1 404 NOT FOUND", "404.html"),
};
let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename).unwrap();
let length = contents.len();
let response =
format!("{status_line}\r\nContent-Length: {length}\r\n\r\n{contents}");
stream.write_all(response.as_bytes()).unwrap();
}文件名：src/lib.rs
use std::{
sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex},
thread,
};
pub struct ThreadPool {
workers: Vec<Worker>,
sender: Option<mpsc::Sender<Job>>,
}
type Job = Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static>;
impl ThreadPool {
/// Create a new ThreadPool.
///
/// The size is the number of threads in the pool.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// The `new` function will panic if the size is zero.
pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
assert!(size > 0);
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
for id in 0..size {
workers.push(Worker::new(id, Arc::clone(&receiver)));
}
ThreadPool {
workers,
sender: Some(sender),
}
}
pub fn execute<F>(&self, f: F)
where
F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
{
let job = Box::new(f);
self.sender.as_ref().unwrap().send(job).unwrap();
}
}
impl Drop for ThreadPool {
fn drop(&mut self) {
drop(self.sender.take());
for worker in &mut self.workers {
println!("Shutting down worker {}", worker.id);
if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {
thread.join().unwrap();
}
}
}
}
struct Worker {
id: usize,
thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}
impl Worker {
fn new(id: usize, receiver: Arc<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<Job>>>) -> Worker {
let thread = thread::spawn(move || loop {
let message = receiver.lock().unwrap().recv();
match message {
Ok(job) => {
println!("Worker {id} got a job; executing.");
job();
}
Err(_) => {
println!("Worker {id} disconnected; shutting down.");
break;
}
}
});
Worker {
id,
thread: Some(thread),
}
}
}这里还有很多可以做的事！如果你希望继续增强这个项目，如下是一些点子：
- 为
ThreadPool和其公有方法增加更多文档 - 为库的功能增加测试
- 将
unwrap调用改为更健壮的错误处理 - 使用
ThreadPool进行其他不同于处理网络请求的任务 - 在 crates.io 上寻找一个线程池 crate 并使用它实现一个类似的 web server，将其 API 和鲁棒性与我们的实现做对比
总结
好极了！你结束了本书的学习！由衷感谢你同我们一道加入这次 Rust 之旅。现在你已经准备好出发并实现自己的 Rust 项目并帮助他人了。请不要忘记我们的社区，这里有其他 Rustaceans 正乐于帮助你迎接 Rust 之路上的任何挑战。