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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html" class="active">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box&lt;T&gt; 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc&lt;T&gt; 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell&lt;T&gt; 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Async 和 await</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> Futures 和 async 语法</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 并发与 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-more-futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 使用任意数量的 futures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-04-streams.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.4.</strong> 流（Streams）</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-05-traits-for-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.5.</strong> 深入理解 async 相关的 traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.6.</strong> Futures，任务（tasks）和线程（threads）</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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<h1 id="简介"><a class="header" href="#简介">简介</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch00-00-introduction.md">ch00-00-introduction.md</a>
<br>
commit 1fb74c3f1d8aeba39373e9f4cdb9a4bdca95604f</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：此书的英文原版与 <a href="https://nostarch.com/">No Starch Press</a> 出版的《<a href="https://nostarch.com/rust-programming-language-2nd-edition">The Rust Programming Language</a>》纸质版和电子版一致。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>欢迎阅读《Rust 程序设计语言》，这是一本关于 Rust 的入门书籍。Rust 程序设计语言能帮助你编写更快、更可靠的软件。在编程语言设计中，高层的工程学与底层的控制往往是难以兼得的；而 Rust 则试图挑战这一矛盾。通过平衡强大的技术能力与优秀的开发者体验，Rust 为你提供了控制底层细节（如内存使用）的选项，而无需承受通常与此类控制相关的所有繁琐细节。</p>
<h2 id="rust-适合哪些人"><a class="header" href="#rust-适合哪些人">Rust 适合哪些人</a></h2>
<p>Rust 因多种原因适合许多人。让我们看看几个最重要的群体。</p>
<h3 id="开发者团队"><a class="header" href="#开发者团队">开发者团队</a></h3>
<p>Rust 已证明是一个对于具有不同系统编程知识水平的大型开发团队协作而言，非常高效的工具。底层代码容易出现各种微妙的错误，在大多数其他语言中，这些错误只能通过广泛的测试和经验丰富的开发者的仔细审核代码来捕捉。在 Rust 中，编译器充当了守门员的角色，拒绝编译包含这些难以察觉的错误的代码，包括并发错误。通过与编译器合作，团队可以将时间集中在程序逻辑上，而不是追踪 bug。</p>
<p>Rust 也为系统编程世界带来了现代化的开发工具：</p>
<ul>
<li>Cargo 是内置的依赖管理器和构建工具，它能轻松增加、编译和管理依赖，并使依赖在 Rust 生态系统中保持一致。</li>
<li>Rustfmt 格式化工具确保开发者遵循一致的代码风格。</li>
<li>rust-analyzer 为集成开发环境（IDE）提供了强大的代码补全和内联错误信息功能。</li>
</ul>
<p>通过使用 Rust 生态系统中丰富的工具，开发者在编写系统级代码时可以更加高效。</p>
<h3 id="学生"><a class="header" href="#学生">学生</a></h3>
<p>Rust 适合学生群体，也适合有兴趣学习系统概念的人。许多人通过 Rust 学习了操作系统开发等主题。社区对学生问题非常欢迎并乐于回答。通过类似这本书以及其他内容的努力，Rust 团队希望使系统概念能为更多人所易于理解，特别是编程新手。</p>
<h3 id="公司"><a class="header" href="#公司">公司</a></h3>
<p>数百家大小规模的公司在生产环境中使用 Rust 完成各种任务，包括命令行工具、Web 服务、DevOps 工具、嵌入式设备、音视频分析与转码、加密货币、生物信息学、搜索引擎、物联网（IOT）程序、机器学习，甚至是 Firefox 浏览器的重要部分。</p>
<h3 id="开源开发者"><a class="header" href="#开源开发者">开源开发者</a></h3>
<p>Rust 适合那些希望构建 Rust 编程语言、社区、开发工具和库的开发者。我们非常欢迎你为 Rust 语言作出贡献。</p>
<h3 id="重视速度和稳定性的开发者"><a class="header" href="#重视速度和稳定性的开发者">重视速度和稳定性的开发者</a></h3>
<p>Rust 适合那些渴望在编程语言中寻求速度与稳定性的开发者。对于速度来说，既是指 Rust 可以运行的多快，也是指编写 Rust 程序的速度。Rust 编译器的检查确保了增加功能和重构代码时的稳定性，这与那些缺乏这些检查的语言中脆弱的祖传代码形成了鲜明对比，开发者往往不敢去修改这些代码。通过追求零成本抽象（zero-cost abstractions）—— 将高级语言特性编译成底层代码，并且与手写的代码运行速度同样快。Rust 努力确保代码又安全又快速。</p>
<p>这里提到的只是几个较大的受益群体，Rust 语言也希望能支持更多其他用户。总的来说，Rust 最重要的目标是消除数十年来程序员习以为常的取舍，让安全和高效、速度和易读易用<strong>可以兼得</strong>。试试看 Rust，说不定它的选择就适合你。</p>
<h2 id="本书适合哪些人"><a class="header" href="#本书适合哪些人">本书适合哪些人</a></h2>
<p>本书假设你已经有其他编程语言的经验，任何语言均可，我们尽可能让各种语言背景的人都能读懂。本书的重点不是程序设计<strong>本身</strong>，也不是程序设计思维。如果你完全没学过编程，建议你先阅读专门介绍程序设计的书籍。</p>
<h2 id="如何阅读本书"><a class="header" href="#如何阅读本书">如何阅读本书</a></h2>
<p>本书大体上假设您按从头到尾的顺序阅读。后面的章节建立在前面章节概念的基础上。前面的章节可能不会深入介绍部分主题，而是留待后续章节重新讨论。</p>
<p>本书分为两类章节：概念章节和项目章节。在概念章节中，我们学习 Rust 的某个方面。在项目章节中，我们应用目前所学的知识一同构建小型程序。第二、十二和二十章是项目章节；其余都是概念章节。</p>
<p>第一章介绍如何安装 Rust，如何编写一个 “Hello, world!” 程序，以及如何使用 Rust 的包管理器和构建工具 Cargo。第二章是一个编写 Rust 语言的实战介绍，我们会构建一个猜数字游戏。我们会站在较高的层次介绍一些概念，而后续章节将提供更多细节。如果你希望立刻就动手实践一下，第二章是开始的好地方。第三章介绍 Rust 中类似其他编程语言的特性，第四章会学习 Rust 的所有权系统。如果你是一个特别细致的学习者，喜欢在进入下一环节之前学习每一个细节，你可能会想要跳过第二章，直接阅读第三章，等到你想要通过项目应用所学到的细节时再回到第二章。</p>
<p>第五章讨论结构体（struct）和方法，第六章介绍枚举（enum）、<code>match</code> 表达式和 <code>if let</code> 控制流结构。在 Rust 中，创建自定义类型需要用到结构体和枚举。</p>
<p>第七章介绍 Rust 的模块（module）系统，其中的私有性规则用来组织代码和公开的 API（应用程序接口）。第八章讨论标准库提供的常见集合数据结构，例如 Vector（向量）、字符串和 Hash Map（散列表）。第九章探索 Rust 的错误处理的理念与技术。</p>
<p>第十章深入介绍泛型（generic）、Trait 和生命周期（lifetime），这些功能让你能够定义适用于多种类型的代码。第十一章全面讲述了测试，因为就算 Rust 有安全保证，也需要测试确保程序逻辑正确。第十二章中将会构建我们自己的 <code>grep</code> 命令行工具的功能子集实现，用于在文件中搜索文本。为此会用到之前章节讨论的很多概念。</p>
<p>第十三章探索闭包（closure）和迭代器（iterator），这两个 Rust 特性来自函数式编程语言。第十四章会深入探讨 Cargo 并介绍分享代码库的最佳实践。第十五章讨论标准库提供的智能指针以及相关的 Trait。</p>
<p>第十六章将引导我们了解不同的并发编程模型，并探讨 Rust 如何帮助你无畏地进行多线程编程。第十七章将在此基础上进一步探索 Rust 的 async 和 await 语法，以及它们所支持的轻量级并发模型。</p>
<p>第十八章着眼于 Rust 风格与你可能比较熟悉的 OOP（面向对象编程）原则之间的比较。</p>
<p>第十九章介绍模式和模式匹配，它是在 Rust 程序中表达思想的有效方式。第二十章是一个高级主题大杂烩，包括不安全 Rust（unsafe Rust）、宏（macro）和更多关于生命周期、Trait、类型、函数和闭包的内容。</p>
<p>第二十一章我们将会完成一个项目，实现一个底层的、多线程的 Web 服务器！</p>
<p>最后的附录包含了一些关于该语言的实用信息，其格式更像是参考资料。附录 A 涵盖了 Rust 的关键字，附录 B 涵盖了 Rust 的运算符和符号，附录 C 涵盖了标准库提供的可派生 Trait，附录 D 涵盖了一些有用的开发工具，而附录 E 解释了 Rust 版本。在附录 F 中，你可以找到本书的翻译版本，而在附录 G 中，我们将讨论 Rust 是如何制作的以及什么是 nightly Rust。</p>
<p>阅读本书没有错误的方式：如果你想跳过前面的内容，尽管跳过！如果你遇到任何困惑，可能需要回到前面的章节。请采取对你最有效的方式。</p>
<p><span id="ferris"></span></p>
<p>学习 Rust 的一个重要部分是学会如何阅读编译器显示的错误信息：它们会指引你编写出能运行的代码。为此，我们将提供许多不能编译的示例，以及在每种情况下编译器将显示的错误信息。请知悉，如果你输入并运行一个随机示例，它可能无法编译！确保你阅读了示例周围的文本，以判断你尝试运行的示例是否出错。Ferris 也将帮助你区分那些不是意在工作的代码：</p>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Ferris</th><th>含义</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td><img src="img/ferris/does_not_compile.svg" class="ferris-explain" alt="Ferris 头上有问号"/></td><td>这段代码无法通过编译！</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="img/ferris/panics.svg" class="ferris-explain" alt="Ferris 举起两只钳子"/></td><td>这段代码会 Panic！</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="img/ferris/not_desired_behavior.svg" class="ferris-explain" alt="Ferris 举起一只钳子并耸肩"/></td><td>这段代码的运行结果不符合预期。</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>在大部分情况，我们会指导你将无法通过编译的代码修改为正确版本。</p>
<h2 id="源代码"><a class="header" href="#源代码">源代码</a></h2>
<p>生成本书的源码可以在 <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/tree/main/src">GitHub</a> 上找到。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>译者注：此译本也有 <a href="https://github.com/KaiserY/trpl-zh-cn">GitHub 仓库</a>，欢迎提交 Issue 和 PR :)</p>
</blockquote>
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