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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box<T> 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc<T> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell<T> 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Async 和 await</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> Futures 和 async 语法</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 并发与 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-more-futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 使用任意数量的 futures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-04-streams.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.4.</strong> 流（Streams）</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-05-traits-for-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.5.</strong> 深入理解 async 相关的 traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.6.</strong> Futures，任务（tasks）和线程（threads）</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h2 id="hello-cargo"><a class="header" href="#hello-cargo">Hello, Cargo!</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch01-03-hello-cargo.md">ch01-03-hello-cargo.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 299fd1f3e11dd61ca136fb51d713f6b0ba7515ff</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>Cargo 是 Rust 的构建系统和包管理器。大多数 Rustacean 们使用 Cargo 来管理他们的 Rust 项目，因为它可以为你处理很多任务，比如构建代码、下载依赖库并编译这些库。（我们把代码所需要的库叫做 <strong>依赖</strong>（<em>dependencies</em>））。</p>
|
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<p>最简单的 Rust 程序，比如我们刚刚编写的，没有任何依赖。如果使用 Cargo 来构建 “Hello, world!” 项目，将只会用到 Cargo 构建代码的那部分功能。在编写更复杂的 Rust 程序时，你将添加依赖项，如果使用 Cargo 启动项目，则添加依赖项将更容易。</p>
|
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<p>由于绝大多数 Rust 项目使用 Cargo，本书接下来的部分假设你也使用 Cargo。如果使用 <a href="ch01-01-installation.html#%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85">“安装”</a> 部分介绍的官方安装包的话，则自带了 Cargo。如果通过其他方式安装的话，可以在终端输入如下命令检查是否安装了 Cargo：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo --version
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果你看到了版本号，说明已安装！如果看到类似 <code>command not found</code> 的错误，你应该查看相应安装文档以确定如何单独安装 Cargo。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="使用-cargo-创建项目"><a class="header" href="#使用-cargo-创建项目">使用 Cargo 创建项目</a></h3>
|
||
<p>我们使用 Cargo 创建一个新项目，然后看看与上面的 “Hello, world!” 项目有什么不同。回到 <em>projects</em> 目录（或者你存放代码的目录）。接着，可在任何操作系统下运行以下命令：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new hello_cargo
|
||
$ cd hello_cargo
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>第一行命令新建了名为 <em>hello_cargo</em> 的目录和项目。我们将项目命名为 <em>hello_cargo</em>，同时 Cargo 在一个同名目录中创建项目文件。</p>
|
||
<p>进入 <em>hello_cargo</em> 目录并列出文件。将会看到 Cargo 生成了两个文件和一个目录：一个 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件，一个 <em>src</em> 目录，以及位于 <em>src</em> 目录中的 <em>main.rs</em> 文件。</p>
|
||
<p>这也会在 <em>hello_cargo</em> 目录初始化了一个 git 仓库，以及一个 <em>.gitignore</em> 文件。如果在一个已经存在的 git 仓库中运行 <code>cargo new</code>，则这些 git 相关文件则不会生成；可以通过运行 <code>cargo new --vcs=git</code> 来覆盖这些行为。</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>注意：Git 是一个常用的版本控制系统（version control system，VCS）。可以通过 <code>--vcs</code> 参数使 <code>cargo new</code> 切换到其它版本控制系统（VCS），或者不使用 VCS。运行 <code>cargo new --help</code> 参看可用的选项。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>请自行选用文本编辑器打开 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件。它应该看起来如示例 1-2 所示：</p>
|
||
<figure class="listing">
|
||
<p><span class="file-name">文件名：Cargo.toml</span></p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
||
name = "hello_cargo"
|
||
version = "0.1.0"
|
||
edition = "2021"
|
||
|
||
# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
|
||
|
||
[dependencies]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<figcaption>示例 1-2：*cargo new* 命令生成的 *Cargo.toml* 的内容</figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p>这个文件使用 <a href="https://toml.io"><em>TOML</em></a><!-- ignore --> (<em>Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language</em>) 格式，这是 Cargo 配置文件的格式。</p>
|
||
<p>第一行，<code>[package]</code>，是一个片段（section）标题，表明下面的语句用来配置一个包。随着我们在这个文件增加更多的信息，还将增加其他片段（section）。</p>
|
||
<p>接下来的三行设置了 Cargo 编译程序所需的配置：项目的名称、项目的版本以及要使用的 Rust 版本。<a href="appendix-05-editions.html">附录 E</a> 会介绍 <code>edition</code> 的值。</p>
|
||
<p>最后一行，<code>[dependencies]</code>，是罗列项目依赖的片段的开始。在 Rust 中，代码包被称为 <em>crates</em>。这个项目并不需要其他的 crate，不过在第二章的第一个项目会用到依赖，那时会用得上这个片段。</p>
|
||
<p>现在打开 <em>src/main.rs</em> 看看：</p>
|
||
<p><span class="filename">文件名：src/main.rs</span></p>
|
||
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
|
||
println!("Hello, world!");
|
||
}</code></pre></pre>
|
||
<p>Cargo 为你生成了一个 “Hello, world!” 程序，正如我们之前编写的示例 1-1！目前为止，我们的项目与 Cargo 生成项目的区别是 Cargo 将代码放在 <em>src</em> 目录，同时项目根目录包含一个 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 配置文件。</p>
|
||
<p>Cargo 期望源文件存放在 <em>src</em> 目录中。项目根目录只存放 README、license 信息、配置文件和其他跟代码无关的文件。使用 Cargo 帮助你保持项目干净整洁，一切井井有条。</p>
|
||
<p>如果没有使用 Cargo 开始项目，比如我们创建的 “Hello, world!” 项目，你可以将其转换为使用 Cargo 的项目。将项目代码移入 <em>src</em> 目录，并创建一个合适的 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件。一个简单的创建 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件的方法是运行 <code>cargo init</code>，它会自动为你创建该文件。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="构建并运行-cargo-项目"><a class="header" href="#构建并运行-cargo-项目">构建并运行 Cargo 项目</a></h3>
|
||
<p>现在让我们看看通过 Cargo 构建和运行 “Hello, world!” 程序有什么不同！在 <em>hello_cargo</em> 目录下，输入下面的命令来构建项目：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
|
||
Compiling hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
|
||
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 2.85 secs
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>这个命令会创建一个可执行文件 <em>target/debug/hello_cargo</em> （在 Windows 上是 <em>target\debug\hello_cargo.exe</em>），而不是放在目前目录下。由于默认的构建方法是调试构建（debug build），Cargo 会将可执行文件放在名为 <em>debug</em> 的目录中。可以通过这个命令运行可执行文件：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ ./target/debug/hello_cargo # 或者在 Windows 下为 .\target\debug\hello_cargo.exe
|
||
Hello, world!
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果一切顺利，终端上应该会打印出 <code>Hello, world!</code>。首次运行 <code>cargo build</code> 时，也会使 Cargo 在项目根目录创建一个新文件：<em>Cargo.lock</em>。这个文件记录项目依赖的实际版本。这个项目并没有依赖，所以其内容比较少。你自己永远也不需要碰这个文件，让 Cargo 处理它就行了。</p>
|
||
<p>我们刚刚使用 <code>cargo build</code> 构建了项目，并使用 <code>./target/debug/hello_cargo</code> 运行了程序，也可以使用 <code>cargo run</code> 在一个命令中同时编译并运行生成的可执行文件：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
||
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.0 secs
|
||
Running `target/debug/hello_cargo`
|
||
Hello, world!
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>比起要记得运行 <code>cargo build</code> 之后再用可执行文件的完整路径来运行程序，使用 <code>cargo run</code> 可以实现完全相同的效果，而且要方便得多，所以大多数开发者会使用 <code>cargo run</code>。</p>
|
||
<p>注意这一次并没有出现表明 Cargo 正在编译 <code>hello_cargo</code> 的输出。Cargo 发现文件并没有被改变，所以它并没有重新编译，而是直接运行了可执行文件。如果修改了源文件的话，Cargo 会在运行之前重新构建项目，并会出现像这样的输出：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
|
||
Compiling hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
|
||
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.33 secs
|
||
Running `target/debug/hello_cargo`
|
||
Hello, world!
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Cargo 还提供了一个叫 <code>cargo check</code> 的命令。该命令快速检查代码确保其可以编译，但并不产生可执行文件：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo check
|
||
Checking hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
|
||
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.32 secs
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>为什么你会不需要可执行文件呢？通常 <code>cargo check</code> 要比 <code>cargo build</code> 快得多，因为它省略了生成可执行文件的步骤。如果你在编写代码时持续的进行检查，<code>cargo check</code> 可以让你快速了解现在的代码能不能正常通过编译！为此很多 Rustaceans 编写代码时定期运行 <code>cargo check</code> 确保它们可以编译。当准备好使用可执行文件时才运行 <code>cargo build</code>。</p>
|
||
<p>我们回顾下已学习的 Cargo 内容：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>可以使用 <code>cargo new</code> 创建项目。</li>
|
||
<li>可以使用 <code>cargo build</code> 构建项目。</li>
|
||
<li>可以使用 <code>cargo run</code> 一步构建并运行项目。</li>
|
||
<li>可以使用 <code>cargo check</code> 在不生成二进制文件的情况下构建项目来检查错误。</li>
|
||
<li>有别于将构建结果放在与源码相同的目录，Cargo 会将其放到 <em>target/debug</em> 目录。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>使用 Cargo 的一个额外的优点是，不管你使用什么操作系统，其命令都是一样的。所以从现在开始本书将不再为 Linux 和 macOS 以及 Windows 提供相应的命令。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="发布release构建"><a class="header" href="#发布release构建">发布（release）构建</a></h3>
|
||
<p>当项目最终准备好发布时，可以使用 <code>cargo build --release</code> 来优化编译项目。这会在 <em>target/release</em> 而不是 <em>target/debug</em> 下生成可执行文件。这些优化可以让 Rust 代码运行的更快，不过启用这些优化也需要消耗更长的编译时间。这也就是为什么会有两种不同的配置：一种是为了开发，你需要经常快速重新构建；另一种是为用户构建最终程序，它们不会经常重新构建，并且希望程序运行得越快越好。如果你在测试代码的运行时间，请确保运行 <code>cargo build --release</code> 并使用 <em>target/release</em> 下的可执行文件进行测试。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="把-cargo-当作习惯"><a class="header" href="#把-cargo-当作习惯">把 Cargo 当作习惯</a></h3>
|
||
<p>对于简单项目，Cargo 并不比 <code>rustc</code> 提供了更多的优势，不过随着开发的深入，终将证明其价值。一旦程序壮大到由多个文件组成，亦或者是需要其他的依赖，让 Cargo 协调构建过程就会简单得多。</p>
|
||
<p>即便 <code>hello_cargo</code> 项目十分简单，它现在也使用了很多在你之后的 Rust 生涯将会用到的实用工具。其实，要在任何已存在的项目上工作时，可以使用如下命令通过 Git 检出代码，移动到该项目目录并构建：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-console">$ git clone example.org/someproject
|
||
$ cd someproject
|
||
$ cargo build
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>关于更多 Cargo 的信息，请查阅 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/">其文档</a>。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
||
<p>你已经准备好开启 Rust 之旅了！在本章中，你学习了如何：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>rustup</code> 安装最新稳定版的 Rust</li>
|
||
<li>更新到新版的 Rust</li>
|
||
<li>打开本地安装的文档</li>
|
||
<li>直接通过 <code>rustc</code> 编写并运行 Hello, world! 程序</li>
|
||
<li>使用 Cargo 创建并运行新项目</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>是时候通过构建更实质性的程序来熟悉读写 Rust 代码了。所以在第二章我们会构建一个猜猜看游戏程序。如果你更愿意从学习 Rust 常用的编程概念开始，请阅读第三章，接着再回到第二章。</p>
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