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<ul class="chapter"><li><a href="ch01-00-introduction.html"><strong>1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong>1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong>1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong>2.</strong> 猜猜看教程</a></li><li><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong>3.</strong> 通用编程概念</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong>3.1.</strong> 变量和可变性</a></li><li><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong>3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong>3.3.</strong> 函数如何工作</a></li><li><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong>3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong>3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong>4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong>4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权</a></li><li><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong>4.2.</strong> 引用 & 借用</a></li><li><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong>4.3.</strong> Slices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong>5.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch05-01-method-syntax.html"><strong>5.1.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong>6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong>6.1.</strong> 定义枚举</a></li><li><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong>6.2.</strong> <code>match</code>控制流运算符</a></li><li><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong>6.3.</strong> <code>if let</code>简单控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch07-00-modules.html"><strong>7.</strong> 模块</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch07-01-mod-and-the-filesystem.html"><strong>7.1.</strong> <code>mod</code>和文件系统</a></li><li><a href="ch07-02-controlling-visibility-with-pub.html"><strong>7.2.</strong> 使用<code>pub</code>控制可见性</a></li><li><a href="ch07-03-importing-names-with-use.html"><strong>7.3.</strong> 使用<code>use</code>导入命名</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong>8.</strong> 通用集合类型</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong>8.1.</strong> vector</a></li><li><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong>8.2.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong>8.3.</strong> 哈希 map</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong>9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong>9.1.</strong> <code>panic!</code>与不可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong>9.2.</strong> <code>Result</code>与可恢复的错误</a></li><li><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong>9.3.</strong> <code>panic!</code>还是不<code>panic!</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong>10.</strong> 泛型、trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong>10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong>10.2.</strong> trait：定义共享的行为</a></li><li><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong>10.3.</strong> 生命周期与引用有效性</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong>11.</strong> 测试</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong>11.1.</strong> 编写测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong>11.2.</strong> 运行测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong>11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong>12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong>12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong>12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong>12.3.</strong> 增强错误处理和模块化</a></li><li><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong>12.4.</strong> 测试库的功能</a></li><li><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong>12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong>12.6.</strong> 输出到<code>stderr</code>而不是<code>stdout</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong>13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong>13.1.</strong> 闭包</a></li><li><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong>13.2.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong>13.3.</strong> 改进 I/O 项目</a></li><li><a href="ch13-04-performance.html" class="active"><strong>13.4.</strong> 性能</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong>14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong>14.1.</strong> 发布配置</a></li><li><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong>14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong>14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong>14.4.</strong> 使用<code>cargo install</code>从 Crates.io 安装文件</a></li><li><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong>14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong>15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong>15.1.</strong> <code>Box<T></code>用于已知大小的堆上数据</a></li><li><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong>15.2.</strong> <code>Deref</code> Trait 允许通过引用访问数据</a></li><li><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong>15.3.</strong> <code>Drop</code> Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong>15.4.</strong> <code>Rc<T></code> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong>15.5.</strong> <code>RefCell<T></code>和内部可变性模式</a></li><li><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong>15.6.</strong> 引用循环和内存泄漏是安全的</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong>16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong>16.1.</strong> 线程</a></li><li><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong>16.2.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong>16.3.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong>16.4.</strong> 可扩展的并发：<code>Sync</code>和<code>Send</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch17-00-oop.html"><strong>17.</strong> 面向对象</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch17-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong>17.1.</strong> 什么是面向对象</a></li><li><a href="ch17-02-trait-objects.html"><strong>17.2.</strong> trait对象</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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<a class="header" href="#性能" name="性能"><h2>性能</h2></a>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/second-edition/src/ch13-04-performance.md">ch13-04-performance.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 4f2dc564851dc04b271a2260c834643dfd86c724</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>哪一个版本的<code>grep</code>函数会更快一些呢：是直接使用<code>for</code>循环的版本还是使用迭代器的版本呢？我们将运行一个性能测试，通过将阿瑟·柯南·道尔的“福尔摩斯探案集”的全部内容加载进<code>String</code>并寻找其中的单词 "the"。如下是<code>for</code>循环版本和迭代器版本的 grep 函数的性能测试结果：</p>
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<pre><code>test bench_grep_for ... bench: 19,620,300 ns/iter (+/- 915,700)
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test bench_grep_iter ... bench: 19,234,900 ns/iter (+/- 657,200)
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</code></pre>
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<p>结果迭代器版本还要稍微快一点！这里我们将不会查看性能测试的代码，我们的目的并不是为了证明他们是完全等同的，而是得出一个怎样比较这两种实现方式的基本思路。对于<strong>真正</strong>的性能测试，将会检查不同长度的文本、不同的搜索单词、不同长度的单词和所有其他的可变情况。这里所要表达的是：迭代器，作为一个高级的抽象，被编译成了与手写的底层代码大体一致性能代码。迭代器是 Rust 的<strong>零成本抽象</strong>（<em>zero-cost abstractions</em>）之一，它意味着抽象并不会强加运行时开销，它与本贾尼·斯特劳斯特卢普，C++ 的设计和实现者所定义的<strong>零开销</strong>（<em>zero-overhead</em>）如出一辙：</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>In general, C++ implementations obey the zero-overhead principle: What you don’t use, you don’t pay for. And further: What you do use, you couldn’t hand code any better.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Bjarne Stroustrup "Foundations of C++"</li>
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</ul>
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<p>从整体来说，C++ 的实现遵循了零开销原则：你不需要的，无需为他们买单。更有甚者的是：你需要的时候，也不可能找到其他更好的代码了。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>本贾尼·斯特劳斯特卢普 "Foundations of C++"</li>
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</ul>
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</blockquote>
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<p>作为另一个例子，这里有一些来自于音频解码器的代码。这些代码使用迭代器链来对作用域中的三个变量进行了某种数学计算：一个叫<code>buffer</code>的数据 slice、一个有12个元素的数组<code>coefficients</code>、和一个代表移位位数的<code>qlp_shift</code>。例子中声明了这些变量但并没有提供任何值；虽然这些代码在其上下文之外没有什么意义，不过仍是一个简洁的现实中的例子，来展示 Rust 如何将高级概念转换为底层代码：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust,ignore">let buffer: &mut [i32];
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let coefficients: [i64; 12];
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let qlp_shift: i16;
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for i in 12..buffer.len() {
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let prediction = coefficients.iter()
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.zip(&buffer[i - 12..i])
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.map(|(&c, &s)| c * s as i64)
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.sum::<i64>() >> qlp_shift;
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let delta = buffer[i];
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buffer[i] = prediction as i32 + delta;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>为了计算<code>prediction</code>的值，这些代码遍历了<code>coefficients</code>中的 12 个值，使用<code>zip</code>方法将系数与<code>buffer</code>的前 12 个值组合在一起。接着将每一对值相乘，再将所有结果相加，然后将总和右移<code>qlp_shift</code>位。</p>
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<p>像音频解码器这样的程序通常非常看重计算的性能。这里，我们创建了一个迭代器，使用了两个适配器，接着消费了其值。Rust 代码将会被编译为什么样的汇编代码呢？好吧，在编写本书的这个时候，它被编译成与手写的相同的汇编代码。遍历<code>coefficients</code>的值完全用不到循环：Rust 知道这里会迭代 12 次，所以它“展开”了循环。所有的系数都被储存在了寄存器中（这意味着访问他们非常快）。也没有数组访问边界检查。这是极端有效率的。</p>
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<p>现在知道这些了，请放心大胆的使用迭代器和闭包吧！他们使得代码看起来更高级，但并不为此引入运行时性能损失。</p>
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<a class="header" href="#总结" name="总结"><h2>总结</h2></a>
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<p>闭包和迭代器是 Rust 受函数式编程语言观念所启发的功能。他们对 Rust 直白的表达高级概念的能力有很大贡献。闭包和迭代器的实现，以及 Rust 的零成本抽象，也使得运行时性能不受影响。</p>
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<p>现在我们改进了我们 I/O 项目的（代码）表现力，让我们看一看更多<code>cargo</code>的功能，他们是如何将项目准备好分享给世界的。</p>
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