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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box&lt;T&gt; 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc&lt;T&gt; 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell&lt;T&gt; 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Async 和 await</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> Futures 和 async 语法</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 并发与 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-more-futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 使用任意数量的 futures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-04-streams.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.4.</strong> 流（Streams）</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-05-traits-for-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.5.</strong> 深入理解 async 相关的 traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.6.</strong> Futures，任务（tasks）和线程（threads）</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h2 id="cargo-工作空间"><a class="header" href="#cargo-工作空间">Cargo 工作空间</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md">ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md</a>
<br>
commit 704c51eec2f26a0133ae17a2c01986590c05a045</p>
</blockquote>
<p>第十二章中，我们构建一个包含二进制 crate 和库 crate 的包。你可能会发现，随着项目开发的深入，库 crate 持续增大，而你希望将其进一步拆分成多个库 crate。Cargo 提供了一个叫 <strong>工作空间</strong>（<em>workspaces</em>）的功能，它可以帮助我们管理多个相关的协同开发的包。</p>
<h3 id="创建工作空间"><a class="header" href="#创建工作空间">创建工作空间</a></h3>
<p><strong>工作空间</strong> 是一系列共享同样的 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 和输出目录的包。让我们使用工作空间创建一个项目 —— 这里采用常见的代码以便可以关注工作空间的结构。有多种组织工作空间的方式，所以我们只展示一个常用方法。我们的工作空间有一个二进制项目和两个库。二进制项目会提供主要功能，并会依赖另两个库。一个库会提供 <code>add_one</code> 方法而第二个会提供 <code>add_two</code> 方法。这三个 crate 将会是相同工作空间的一部分。让我们以新建工作空间目录开始：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ mkdir add
$ cd add
</code></pre>
<p>接着在 <em>add</em> 目录中，创建 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件。这个 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 文件配置了整个工作空间。它不会包含 <code>[package]</code> 部分。相反，它以 <code>[workspace]</code> 部分作为开始，并通过指定 <em>adder</em> 的路径来为工作空间增加成员，如下会加入二进制 crate：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：Cargo.toml</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
members = [
"adder",
]
</code></pre>
<p>接下来，在 <em>add</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo new</code> 新建 <code>adder</code> 二进制 crate：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new adder
Created binary (application) `adder` package
</code></pre>
<p>到此为止，可以运行 <code>cargo build</code> 来构建工作空间。<em>add</em> 目录中的文件应该看起来像这样：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── adder
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ └── src
│ └── main.rs
└── target
</code></pre>
<p>工作空间在顶级目录有一个 <em>target</em> 目录；<code>adder</code> 并没有自己的 <em>target</em> 目录。即使进入 <em>adder</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo build</code>，构建结果也位于 <em>add/target</em> 而不是 <em>add/adder/target</em>。工作空间中的 crate 之间相互依赖。如果每个 crate 有其自己的 <em>target</em> 目录，为了在自己的 <em>target</em> 目录中生成构建结果，工作空间中的每一个 crate 都不得不相互重新编译其他 crate。通过共享一个 <em>target</em> 目录，工作空间可以避免其他 crate 重复构建。</p>
<h3 id="在工作空间中创建第二个包"><a class="header" href="#在工作空间中创建第二个包">在工作空间中创建第二个包</a></h3>
<p>接下来，让我们在工作空间中指定另一个成员 crate。这个 crate 位于 <em>add_one</em> 目录中，所以修改顶级 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 为也包含 <em>add_one</em> 路径：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：Cargo.toml</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[workspace]
members = [
"adder",
"add_one",
]
</code></pre>
<p>接着新生成一个叫做 <code>add_one</code> 的库：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new add_one --lib
Created library `add_one` package
</code></pre>
<p>现在 <em>add</em> 目录应该有如下目录和文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── add_one
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ └── src
│ └── lib.rs
├── adder
│ ├── Cargo.toml
│ └── src
│ └── main.rs
└── target
</code></pre>
<p>在 <em>add_one/src/lib.rs</em> 文件中，增加一个 <code>add_one</code> 函数：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：add_one/src/lib.rs</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplayground">pub fn add_one(x: i32) -&gt; i32 {
x + 1
}</code></pre>
<p>现在我们有了二进制 <code>adder</code> 依赖库 crate <code>add_one</code>。首先需要在 <em>adder/Cargo.toml</em> 文件中增加 <code>add_one</code> 作为路径依赖：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：adder/Cargo.toml</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
add_one = { path = "../add_one" }
</code></pre>
<p>cargo 并不假定工作空间中的 Crates 会相互依赖，所以需要明确表明工作空间中 crate 的依赖关系。</p>
<p>接下来，在 <code>adder</code> crate 中使用（ <code>add_one</code> crate 中的）函数 <code>add_one</code>。打开 <em>adder/src/main.rs</em> 在顶部增加一行 <code>use</code> 将新 <code>add_one</code> 库 crate 引入作用域。接着修改 <code>main</code> 函数来调用 <code>add_one</code> 函数，如示例 14-7 所示。</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：adder/src/main.rs</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">use add_one;
fn main() {
let num = 10;
println!("Hello, world! {num} plus one is {}!", add_one::add_one(num));
}</code></pre>
<p><span class="caption">示例 14-7：在 <code>adder</code> crate 中使用 <code>add_one</code> 库 crate</span></p>
<p>在 <em>add</em> 目录中运行 <code>cargo build</code> 来构建工作空间！</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.68s
</code></pre>
<p>为了在顶层 <em>add</em> 目录运行二进制 crate，可以通过 <code>-p</code> 参数和包名称来运行 <code>cargo run</code> 指定工作空间中我们希望使用的包：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run -p adder
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.0s
Running `target/debug/adder`
Hello, world! 10 plus one is 11!
</code></pre>
<p>这会运行 <em>adder/src/main.rs</em> 中的代码，其依赖 <code>add_one</code> crate</p>
<h4 id="在工作空间中依赖外部包"><a class="header" href="#在工作空间中依赖外部包">在工作空间中依赖外部包</a></h4>
<p>还需注意的是工作空间只在根目录有一个 <em>Cargo.lock</em>，而不是在每一个 crate 目录都有 <em>Cargo.lock</em>。这确保了所有的 crate 都使用完全相同版本的依赖。如果在 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 和 <em>add_one/Cargo.toml</em> 中都增加 <code>rand</code> crate，则 Cargo 会将其都解析为同一版本并记录到唯一的 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 中。使得工作空间中的所有 crate 都使用相同的依赖意味着其中的 crate 都是相互兼容的。让我们在 <em>add_one/Cargo.toml</em> 中的 <code>[dependencies]</code> 部分增加 <code>rand</code> crate 以便能够在 <code>add_one</code> crate 中使用 <code>rand</code> crate：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：add_one/Cargo.toml</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
rand = "0.8.5"
</code></pre>
<p>现在就可以在 <em>add_one/src/lib.rs</em> 中增加 <code>use rand;</code> 了，接着在 <em>add</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo build</code> 构建整个工作空间就会引入并编译 <code>rand</code> crate：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
Updating crates.io index
Downloaded rand v0.8.5
--snip--
Compiling rand v0.8.5
Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
warning: unused import: `rand`
--&gt; add_one/src/lib.rs:1:5
|
1 | use rand;
| ^^^^
|
= note: `#[warn(unused_imports)]` on by default
warning: `add_one` (lib) generated 1 warning
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 10.18s
</code></pre>
<p>现在顶级的 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 包含了 <code>add_one</code> 的 <code>rand</code> 依赖的信息。然而，即使 <code>rand</code> 被用于工作空间的某处，也不能在其他 crate 中使用它，除非也在它们的 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 中加入 <code>rand</code>。例如，如果在顶级的 <code>adder</code> crate 的 <em>adder/src/main.rs</em> 中增加 <code>use rand;</code>，会得到一个错误：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo build
--snip--
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
error[E0432]: unresolved import `rand`
--&gt; adder/src/main.rs:2:5
|
2 | use rand;
| ^^^^ no external crate `rand`
</code></pre>
<p>为了修复这个错误，修改顶级 <code>adder</code> crate 的 <em>Cargo.toml</em> 来表明 <code>rand</code> 也是这个 crate 的依赖。构建 <code>adder</code> crate 会将 <code>rand</code> 加入到 <em>Cargo.lock</em> 中 <code>adder</code> 的依赖列表中，但是这并不会下载 <code>rand</code> 的额外拷贝。Cargo 确保了工作空间中任何使用 <code>rand</code> 的 crate 都采用相同的版本，这节省了空间并确保了工作空间中的 crate 将是相互兼容的。</p>
<h4 id="为工作空间增加测试"><a class="header" href="#为工作空间增加测试">为工作空间增加测试</a></h4>
<p>作为另一个提升，让我们为 <code>add_one</code> crate 中的 <code>add_one::add_one</code> 函数增加一个测试：</p>
<p><span class="filename">文件名：add_one/src/lib.rs</span></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplayground">pub fn add_one(x: i32) -&gt; i32 {
x + 1
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(3, add_one(2));
}
}</code></pre>
<p>在顶级 <em>add</em> 目录运行 <code>cargo test</code>。在像这样的工作空间结构中运行 <code>cargo test</code> 会运行工作空间中所有 crate 的测试。：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test
Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.27s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/add_one-f0253159197f7841)
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Running unittests src/main.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-49979ff40686fa8e)
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests add_one
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>输出的第一部分显示 <code>add_one</code> crate 的 <code>it_works</code> 测试通过了。下一个部分显示 <code>adder</code> crate 中找到了 0 个测试，最后一部分显示 <code>add_one</code> crate 中有 0 个文档测试。</p>
<p>也可以选择运行工作空间中特定 crate 的测试，通过在根目录使用 <code>-p</code> 参数并指定希望测试的 crate 名称：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo test -p add_one
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/add_one-b3235fea9a156f74)
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
Doc-tests add_one
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
</code></pre>
<p>输出显示了 <code>cargo test</code> 只运行了 <code>add_one</code> crate 的测试而没有运行 <code>adder</code> crate 的测试。</p>
<p>如果你选择向 <a href="https://crates.io/">crates.io</a>发布工作空间中的 crate，每一个工作空间中的 crate 需要单独发布。就像 <code>cargo test</code> 一样，可以通过 <code>-p</code> 参数并指定期望发布的 crate 名来发布工作空间中的某个特定的 crate。</p>
<p>现在尝试以类似 <code>add_one</code> crate 的方式向工作空间增加 <code>add_two</code> crate 来作为更多的练习！</p>
<p>随着项目增长，考虑使用工作空间：每一个更小的组件比一大块代码要容易理解。如果它们经常需要同时被修改的话，将 crate 保持在工作空间中更易于协调 crate 的改变。</p>
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