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<ul class="chapter"><li><a href="ch01-00-introduction.html"><strong>1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong>1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong>1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong>2.</strong> 猜猜看教程</a></li><li><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong>3.</strong> 通用编程概念</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong>3.1.</strong> 变量和可变性</a></li><li><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong>3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong>3.3.</strong> 函数如何工作</a></li><li><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong>3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong>3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong>4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong>4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权</a></li><li><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong>4.2.</strong> 引用 & 借用</a></li><li><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong>4.3.</strong> Slices</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong>5.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch05-01-method-syntax.html"><strong>5.1.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong>6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong>6.1.</strong> 定义枚举</a></li><li><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong>6.2.</strong> <code>match</code>控制流运算符</a></li><li><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong>6.3.</strong> <code>if let</code>简单控制流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch07-00-modules.html"><strong>7.</strong> 模块</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch07-01-mod-and-the-filesystem.html"><strong>7.1.</strong> <code>mod</code>和文件系统</a></li><li><a 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<code>panic!</code>还是不<code>panic!</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong>10.</strong> 泛型、trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong>10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong>10.2.</strong> trait:定义共享的行为</a></li><li><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong>10.3.</strong> 生命周期与引用有效性</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong>11.</strong> 测试</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong>11.1.</strong> 编写测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong>11.2.</strong> 运行测试</a></li><li><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong>11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong>12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong>12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong>12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong>12.3.</strong> 增强错误处理和模块化</a></li><li><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong>12.4.</strong> 测试库的功能</a></li><li><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong>12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong>12.6.</strong> 输出到<code>stderr</code>而不是<code>stdout</code></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong>13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能</a></li><li><ul class="section"><li><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong>13.1.</strong> 闭包</a></li><li><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong>13.2.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong>13.3.</strong> 改进 I/O 项目</a></li><li><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong>13.4.</strong> 性能</a></li></ul></li><li><a 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href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong>15.4.</strong> <code>Rc<T></code> 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html" class="active"><strong>15.5.</strong> <code>RefCell<T></code>和内部可变性模式</a></li><li><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong>15.6.</strong> 引用循环和内存泄漏是安全的</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版</h1>
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<a class="header" href="#refcellt和内部可变性模式" name="refcellt和内部可变性模式"><h2><code>RefCell<T></code>和内部可变性模式</h2></a>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/master/second-edition/src/ch15-05-interior-mutability.md">ch15-05-interior-mutability.md</a>
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<br>
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commit 3f2a1bd8dbb19cc48b210fc4fb35c305c8d81b56</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p><strong>内部可变性</strong>(<em>Interior mutability</em>)是 Rust 中的一个设计模式,它允许你即使在有不可变引用时改变数据,这通常是借用规则所不允许。内部可变性模式涉及到在数据结构中使用<code>unsafe</code>代码来绕过 Rust 通常的可变性和借用规则。我们还未讲到不安全代码;第十九章会学习他们。内部可变性模式用于当你可以确保代码在运行时也会遵守借用规则,哪怕编译器也不能保证的情况。引入的<code>unsafe</code>代码将被封装进安全的 API 中,而外部类型仍然是不可变的。</p>
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<p>让我们通过遵循内部可变性模式的<code>RefCell<T></code>类型来开始探索。</p>
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<a class="header" href="#refcellt拥有内部可变性" name="refcellt拥有内部可变性"><h3><code>RefCell<T></code>拥有内部可变性</h3></a>
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<p>不同于<code>Rc<T></code>,<code>RefCell<T></code>代表其数据的唯一的所有权。那么是什么让<code>RefCell<T></code>不同于像<code>Box<T></code>这样的类型呢?回忆一下第四章所学的借用规则:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>在任意给定时间,<strong>只能</strong>拥有如下中的一个:</li>
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</ol>
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<ul>
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<li>一个可变引用。</li>
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<li>任意属性的不可变引用。</li>
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</ul>
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<ol start="2">
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<li>引用必须总是有效的。</li>
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</ol>
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<p>对于引用和<code>Box<T></code>,借用规则的不可变性作用于编译时。对于<code>RefCell<T></code>,这些不可变性作用于<strong>运行时</strong>。对于引用,如果违反这些规则,会得到一个编译错误。而对于<code>RefCell<T></code>,违反这些规则会<code>panic!</code>。</p>
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<p>Rust 编译器执行的静态分析时天生保守的。代码的一些属性则不可能通过分析代码发现:其中最著名的就是停机问题(停机问题),这超出了本书的范畴,不过如果你感兴趣的话这是一个值得研究的有趣主题。</p>
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<p>因为一些分析是不可能的,Rust 编译器在其不确定的时候甚至都不尝试猜测,所以说它是保守的而且有时会拒绝事实上不会违反 Rust 保证的正确的程序。换句话说,如果 Rust 接受不正确的程序,那么人们也就不会相信 Rust 所做的保证了。如果 Rust 拒绝正确的程序,会给程序员带来不变,但不会带来灾难。<code>RefCell<T></code>正是用于当你知道代码遵守借用规则,而编译器不能理解的时候。</p>
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<p>类似于<code>Rc<T></code>,<code>RefCell<T></code>只能用于单线程场景。在并发章节会介绍如何在多线程程序中使用<code>RefCell<T></code>的功能。现在所有你需要知道的就是如果尝试在多线程上下文中使用<code>RefCell<T></code>,会得到一个编译错误。</p>
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<p>对于引用,可以使用<code>&</code>和<code>&mut</code>语法来分别创建不可变和可变的引用。不过对于<code>RefCell<T></code>,我们使用<code>borrow</code>和<code>borrow_mut</code>方法,它是<code>RefCell<T></code>拥有的安全 API 的一部分。<code>borrow</code>返回<code>Ref</code>类型的智能指针,而<code>borrow_mut</code>返回<code>RefMut</code>类型的智能指针。这两个类型实现了<code>Deref</code>所以可以被当作常规引用处理。<code>Ref</code>和<code>RefMut</code>动态的借用所有权,而他们的<code>Drop</code>实现也动态的释放借用。</p>
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