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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="title-page.html">Rust 程序设计语言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="foreword.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="ch00-00-introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门指南</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-hello-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello, Cargo!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 写个猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 常见编程概念</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 变量与可变性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-data-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-how-functions-work.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-04-comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 注释</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-05-control-flow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-understanding-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 认识所有权</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 什么是所有权？</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-slices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Slice 类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-00-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 使用结构体组织相关联的数据</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-01-defining-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 结构体的定义和实例化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-02-example-structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 结构体示例程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch05-03-method-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 方法语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-00-enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 枚举和模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 枚举的定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-02-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> match 控制流结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch06-03-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> if let 简洁控制流</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 使用包、Crate 和模块管理不断增长的项目</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-01-packages-and-crates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 包和 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 定义模块来控制作用域与私有性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 引用模块项目的路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 使用 use 关键字将路径引入作用域</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 将模块拆分成多个文件</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-00-common-collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 常见集合</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-01-vectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 使用 Vector 储存列表</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-02-strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 使用字符串储存 UTF-8 编码的文本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch08-03-hash-maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 使用 Hash Map 储存键值对</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-00-error-handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 用 panic! 处理不可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 用 Result 处理可恢复的错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 要不要 panic!</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-00-generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 泛型、Trait 和生命周期</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-01-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 泛型数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-02-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Trait：定义共同行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 生命周期确保引用有效</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-00-testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 编写自动化测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-01-writing-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 如何编写测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-02-running-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 控制测试如何运行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch11-03-test-organization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试的组织结构</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-00-an-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 一个 I/O 项目：构建命令行程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 接受命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-02-reading-a-file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 读取文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 重构以改进模块化与错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 采用测试驱动开发完善库的功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 处理环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 将错误信息输出到标准错误而不是标准输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-00-functional-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Rust 中的函数式语言功能：迭代器与闭包</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-01-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 闭包：可以捕获其环境的匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-02-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 使用迭代器处理元素序列</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 改进之前的 I/O 项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch13-04-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 性能比较：循环对迭代器</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-00-more-about-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 更多关于 Cargo 和 Crates.io 的内容</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-01-release-profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 采用发布配置自定义构建</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 将 crate 发布到 Crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Cargo 工作空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-04-installing-binaries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 使用 cargo install 安装二进制文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch14-05-extending-cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Cargo 自定义扩展命令</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-00-smart-pointers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> 智能指针</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-01-box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 使用 Box&lt;T&gt; 指向堆上数据</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-02-deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 使用 Deref Trait 将智能指针当作常规引用处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-03-drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 使用 Drop Trait 运行清理代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-04-rc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Rc&lt;T&gt; 引用计数智能指针</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.5.</strong> RefCell&lt;T&gt; 与内部可变性模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch15-06-reference-cycles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.6.</strong> 引用循环会导致内存泄漏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-00-concurrency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> 无畏并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-01-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 使用线程同时地运行代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-02-message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 使用消息传递在线程间通信</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-03-shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 共享状态并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 使用 Sync 与 Send Traits 的可扩展并发</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-00-async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Async 和 await</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> Futures 和 async 语法</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> 并发与 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-03-more-futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> 使用任意数量的 futures</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-04-streams.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.4.</strong> 流（Streams）</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-05-traits-for-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.5.</strong> 深入理解 async 相关的 traits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.6.</strong> Futures，任务（tasks）和线程（threads）</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-00-oop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Rust 的面向对象编程特性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-01-what-is-oo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> 面向对象语言的特点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-02-trait-objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> 顾及不同类型值的 trait 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> 面向对象设计模式的实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-00-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> 模式与模式匹配</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> 所有可能会用到模式的位置</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-02-refutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Refutability（可反驳性）: 模式是否会匹配失效</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> 模式语法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-00-advanced-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> 高级特征</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-01-unsafe-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> 不安全的 Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-03-advanced-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> 高级 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-04-advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-05-advanced-functions-and-closures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.4.</strong> 高级函数与闭包</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch20-06-macros.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.5.</strong> 宏</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> 最后的项目：构建多线程 web server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-01-single-threaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> 建立单线程 web server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-02-multithreaded.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> 将单线程 server 变为多线程 server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> 优雅停机与清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-01-keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.1.</strong> A - 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-02-operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.2.</strong> B - 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-03-derivable-traits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.3.</strong> C - 可派生的 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.4.</strong> D - 实用开发工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-05-editions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.5.</strong> E - 版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-06-translation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.6.</strong> F - 本书译本</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix-07-nightly-rust.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.7.</strong> G - Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h2 id="附录-grust-是如何开发的与-nightly-rust"><a class="header" href="#附录-grust-是如何开发的与-nightly-rust">附录 G：Rust 是如何开发的与 “Nightly Rust”</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/src/appendix-07-nightly-rust.md">appendix-07-nightly-rust.md</a>
<br />
commit d44317c3122b44fb713aba66cc295dee3453b24b</p>
</blockquote>
<p>本附录介绍 Rust 是如何开发的以及这如何影响作为 Rust 开发者的你。</p>
<h3 id="无停滞稳定"><a class="header" href="#无停滞稳定">无停滞稳定</a></h3>
<p>作为一个语言，Rust <strong>十分</strong> 注重代码的稳定性。我们希望 Rust 成为你代码坚实的基础，假如持续地有东西在变，这个希望就实现不了。但与此同时，如果不能实验新功能的话，在发布之前我们又无法发现其中重大的缺陷，而一旦发布便再也没有修改的机会了。</p>
<p>对于这个问题我们的解决方案被称为 “无停滞稳定”（“stability without stagnation”），其指导性原则是：无需担心升级到最新的稳定版 Rust。每次升级应该是无痛的，并应带来新功能，更少的 bug 和更快的编译速度。</p>
<h3 id="choo-choo-发布通道和发布时刻表riding-the-trains"><a class="header" href="#choo-choo-发布通道和发布时刻表riding-the-trains">Choo, Choo! 发布通道和发布时刻表（Riding the Trains）</a></h3>
<p>Rust 开发运行于一个 <strong>发布时刻表</strong>（<em>train schedule</em>）之上。也就是说，所有的开发工作都位于 Rust 仓库的 <code>master</code> 分支。发布采用 software release train 模型，其被用于思科 IOS 等其它软件项目。Rust 有三个 <strong>发布通道</strong>（<em>release channel</em>）：</p>
<ul>
<li>Nightly</li>
<li>Beta</li>
<li>Stable（稳定版）</li>
</ul>
<p>大部分 Rust 开发者主要采用稳定版通道，不过希望实验新功能的开发者可能会使用 nightly 或 beta 版。</p>
<p>如下是一个开发和发布过程如何运转的例子：假设 Rust 团队正在进行 Rust 1.5 的发布工作。该版本发布于 2015 年 12 月，不过这里只是为了提供一个真实的版本。Rust 新增了一项功能：一个 <code>master</code> 分支的新提交。每天晚上，会产生一个新的 nightly 版本。每天都是发布版本的日子，而这些发布由发布基础设施自动完成。所以随着时间推移，发布轨迹看起来像这样，版本一天一发：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nightly: * - - * - - *
</code></pre>
<p>每 6 周时间，是准备发布新版本的时候了！Rust 仓库的 <code>beta</code> 分支会从用于 nightly 的 <code>master</code> 分支产生。现在，有了两个发布版本：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nightly: * - - * - - *
|
beta: *
</code></pre>
<p>大部分 Rust 用户不会主要使用 beta 版本，不过在 CI 系统中对 beta 版本进行测试能够帮助 Rust 发现可能的回归缺陷（regression）。同时，每天仍产生 nightly 发布：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - *
|
beta: *
</code></pre>
<p>比如我们发现了一个回归缺陷。好消息是在这些缺陷流入稳定发布之前还有一些时间来测试 beta 版本！fix 被合并到 <code>master</code>，为此 nightly 版本得到了修复，接着这些 fix 将 backport 到 <code>beta</code> 分支，一个新的 beta 发布就产生了：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - * - - *
|
beta: * - - - - - - - - *
</code></pre>
<p>第一个 beta 版的 6 周后，是发布稳定版的时候了！<code>stable</code> 分支从 <code>beta</code> 分支生成：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - * - - * - * - *
|
beta: * - - - - - - - - *
|
stable: *
</code></pre>
<p>好的！Rust 1.5 发布了！然而，我们忘了些东西：因为又过了 6 周，我们还需发布 <strong>新版</strong> Rust 的 beta 版，Rust 1.6。所以从 <code>beta</code> 生成 <code>stable</code> 分支后，新版的 <code>beta</code> 分支也再次从 <code>nightly</code> 生成：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - * - - * - * - *
| |
beta: * - - - - - - - - * *
|
stable: *
</code></pre>
<p>这被称为 “train model”，因为每 6 周，一个版本 “离开车站”（“leaves the station”），不过从 beta 通道到达稳定通道还有一段旅程。</p>
<p>Rust 每 6 周发布一个版本，如时钟般准确。如果你知道了某个 Rust 版本的发布时间，就可以知道下个版本的时间：6 周后。每 6 周发布版本的一个好的方面是下一班车会来得更快。如果特定版本碰巧缺失某个功能也无需担心：另一个版本很快就会到来！这有助于减少因临近发版时间而偷偷释出未经完善的功能的压力。</p>
<p>多亏了这个过程，你总是可以切换到下一版本的 Rust 并验证是否可以轻易的升级：如果 beta 版不能如期工作，你可以向 Rust 团队报告并在发布稳定版之前得到修复！beta 版造成的破坏是非常少见的，不过 <code>rustc</code> 也不过是一个软件，可能会存在 bug。</p>
<h3 id="不稳定功能"><a class="header" href="#不稳定功能">不稳定功能</a></h3>
<p>这个发布模型中另一个值得注意的地方：不稳定功能（unstable features）。Rust 使用一个被称为 “功能标记”（“feature flags”）的技术来确定给定版本的某个功能是否启用。如果新功能正在积极地开发中，其提交到了 <code>master</code>，因此会出现在 nightly 版中，不过会位于一个 <strong>功能标记</strong> 之后。作为用户，如果你希望尝试这个正在开发的功能，则可以在源码中使用合适的标记来开启，不过必须使用 nightly 版。</p>
<p>如果使用的是 beta 或稳定版 Rust，则不能使用任何功能标记。这是在新功能被宣布为永久稳定之前获得实用价值的关键。这既满足了希望使用最尖端技术的同学，那些坚持稳定版的同学也知道其代码不会被破坏。这就是无停滞稳定。</p>
<p>本书只包含稳定的功能，因为还在开发中的功能仍可能改变，当其进入稳定版时肯定会与编写本书的时候有所不同。你可以在网上获取 nightly 版的文档。</p>
<h3 id="rustup-和-rust-nightly-的职责"><a class="header" href="#rustup-和-rust-nightly-的职责">Rustup 和 Rust Nightly 的职责</a></h3>
<p>Rustup 使得改变不同发布通道的 Rust 更为简单，其在全局或分项目的层次工作。其默认会安装稳定版 Rust。例如为了安装 nightly：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ rustup toolchain install nightly
</code></pre>
<p>你会发现 <code>rustup</code> 也安装了所有的 <strong>工具链</strong>（<em>toolchains</em>，Rust 和其相关组件）。如下是一位作者的 Windows 计算机上的例子：</p>
<pre><code class="language-powershell">&gt; rustup toolchain list
stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc (default)
beta-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
nightly-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
</code></pre>
<p>如你所见，默认是稳定版。大部分 Rust 用户在大部分时间使用稳定版。你可能也会这么做，不过如果你关心最新的功能，可以为特定项目使用 nightly 版。为此，可以在项目目录使用 <code>rustup override</code> 来设置当前目录 <code>rustup</code> 使用 nightly 工具链：</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cd ~/projects/needs-nightly
$ rustup override set nightly
</code></pre>
<p>现在，每次在 <em>~/projects/needs-nightly</em> 调用 <code>rustc</code> 或 <code>cargo</code>，<code>rustup</code> 会确保使用 nightly 版 Rust。在你有很多 Rust 项目时大有裨益！</p>
<h3 id="rfc-过程和团队"><a class="header" href="#rfc-过程和团队">RFC 过程和团队</a></h3>
<p>那么你如何了解这些新功能呢？Rust 开发模式遵循一个 <strong>Request For Comments (RFC) 过程</strong>。如果你希望改进 Rust，可以编写一个提议，也就是 RFC。</p>
<p>任何人都可以编写 RFC 来改进 Rust，同时这些 RFC 会被 Rust 团队评审和讨论，他们由很多不同分工的子团队组成。这里是 <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/governance">Rust 官网上</a> 所有团队的总列表，其包含了项目中每个领域的团队：语言设计、编译器实现、基础设施、文档等。各个团队会阅读相应的提议和评论，编写回复，并最终达成接受或回绝功能的一致。</p>
<p>如果功能被接受了，在 Rust 仓库会打开一个 issue，人们就可以实现它。实现功能的人当然可能不是最初提议功能的人！当实现完成后，其会合并到 <code>master</code> 分支并位于一个功能开关（feature gate）之后，正如 <a href="#%E4%B8%8D%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD">“不稳定功能”</a> 部分所讨论的。</p>
<p>在稍后的某个时间，一旦使用 nightly 版的 Rust 团队能够尝试这个功能了，团队成员会讨论这个功能，它如何在 nightly 中工作，并决定是否应该进入稳定版。如果决定继续推进，功能开关会移除，然后这个功能就被认为是稳定的了！乘着“发布的列车”，最终在新的稳定版 Rust 中出现。</p>
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